Academic International Press

CONSISTENCY LIST FOR

HISTORY OF RUSSIA FROM EARLIEST TIMES

By Sergei M. Soloviev

RANKS, OFFICIALS AND OCCUPATIONS Roman numerals in parentheses denote position in Table of Ranks.

Consistency Lists CHURCHES GEOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTIONS AND CHANCELLERIES PERSONAL NAMES (A-H) PERSONAL NAMES (I-P) PERSONAL NAMES (R-Z) RANKS TABLE OF RANKS TERMS WEIGHTS, NUMBERS, & MEASURES   Back to S.M. Soloviev, "History of Russia From Earliest Times" (Soloviev) Back to AIP Home Page.

Rank, Volume, Time Period abbess - igumen'ia 25 1680s abbot (of hermitage) - stroitel' 37 1741-44 abbot - igumen, arkhimandrit 16 1613-34 abyz - mullah 21 17c acting - nakaznoi 35 1730s acting sergeant - vitse-serzhant 38 1745-48 actuary - aktuarri 45 1766-68 adjutant - pis'mennyi golova 21 17c adjutant (of prince) - pod"ezdnoi 06 1389-1425 adjutant general - general-ad'iutant - office held by Catherine's favorite 48 1772-74 administrative officer - pravitel'stvennoe litso 13 1584-98 administrator - ekzekutor, upravitel' 35 1730s administrative boyar - putnyi boiarin 06 1389-1425 admiral (II) 46 1768-70 admiralteets - admiralty secretary 26 18c advisers - sovetnye liudi 24 advocate - advokat 18 16-17c advokat - advocate 18 16-17c agent - agent 18 16-17c agent - iabednik (Vernadsky MRL), pristavnik 03 12-13c agent - lazutchik 15 1606-10 agent - pristavnik 15 1606-10 aide - sedelnichii 04 13-14c aktuarri - actuary 45 1766-68 alderman, councillor - ratmann (German) 14 1598-1606 alebardshchik - halberdier 14 1598-1606 "all his warriors" - vsia voi svoia 45 1766-68 amanat - hostage 45 1766-68 ambassador (resident) - rezident 37 1741-44 ambassador - posol 14 1598-1606 ambassador extraordinary - chrezvychainyi ministr 37 1741-44 ambassadors extraordinary - polnomochennye posly 12 17c anchorite - pustynnik 06 1389-1425 apothecary - aptekar' 14 1598-1606 appanage prince - udel'nyi kniaz' 45 1766-68 aptekar' - apothecary 14 1598-1606 arbui chudskie - shamans 12 16c archbishop - arkhiepiskop 16 1613-34 archbishop-primate - arkhiepiskop-primas 18 16-17c archbishop's servant - arkhiereiskii keleinik 45 1766-68 archdeacon - arkhidiakon, protodiakon 15 1606-10 archduke - ertsgertsog 16 1613-34 archimandrite - arkhimandrit 16 1613-34 architect - arkhitektor 48 1772-74 archpriest - protopop 16 1613-34 ariane - Arians (Socinians) 18 16-17c Arians (Socinians) - ariane 18 16-17c arkhiater - surgeon general (Peter) 45 1766-68 arkhidiakon - archdeacon 15 1606-10 arkhiepiskop - archbishop 16 1613-34 arkhiepiskop-primas - archbishop-primate 18 16-17c arkhierei - high priest, chief hierarch, bishop 21 17c arkhiereiskie deti boiarskie - junior boyars attached to archbishops 45 1766-68 arkhiereiskie prikaznye liudi - officials attached to archbishop 14 1598-1606 arkhiereiskii keleinik - archbishop's servant 45 1766-68 arkhiereiskii keleinik - bishop's servant 45 1766-68 arkhimandrit - archimandrite, abbot 16 1613-34 arkhitektor - architect 48 1772-74 armed insurgent - uboitsa 45 1766-68 armeiskii kapitan - captain in the army 37 1741-44 armor-clad boyar - pantsyrnyi boiarin 12 16c armorer - oruzheinichii 45 1766-68 armorer - oruzhnichii 13 1584-98 armorer - ruzhnik 16 1613-34 army menials - voiskovaia cheliad' 14 1606-10 artillery captain - ruzhnyi starosta 18 16-17c artillery commander - golova pushkarskaia 25 1680s artilleryman - ruzhnik, pushkar 15 1606-10 assassin - uboitsa 45 1766-68 assayer - znatets 16 1613-34 assessor - zasedatel' 25 1680s assessor - (collegial) assessor 37 1741-44 assigned peasants - pripisnye krest'iane 48 1772-74 assistant apothecary - gezel 35 1730s assistant chancellor - podkantsler (Pol.) 38 1745-48 assistant governor - tovarishch voevodskii 21 17c ataman - cossack chieftain 18 17c ataman (cossack) 20 17c atamanishka - chieftain 21 17c attendant - diadka 25 1680s autocrat - samoderzhets 45 1766-68 auxiliary soldier - obrochnik 15 1606-10 auxiliary troops - posokha 45 1766-68 azovskii pasha - pasha of Azov 26 1690s baba striapchaia - nurse 12 16c bailliff - pristav(nik) 16 1613-34 bakalavr - university graduate 18 16-17c barabanshchik - drummer 37 1741-44 barash - a royal tent/canopy keeper; an upholsterer 06 1389-1425 barge hauler - burlak 38 1745-48 baron 46 1768-70 baryshnik - jobber, middleman 13 1584-98 baskak - Tatar tax collector 04 13-14c batozhnik - bearer of crown baton, cleared way for tsar 45 1766-68 bear trainer - medvedchik 45 1766-68 beaver trappers - bobrovniki 06 1389-1425 beekeeper - bortnik 45 1766-68 beggar - nishchenskii 21 17c belets - layman, lay brother, novice 21 17c beloe dukhovenstvo - white clergy (married) 24 belomestets - tax-exempt townsman 26 1690s belye sviashchenniki - parish priests 16 1613-34 bergmeister - mining engineer, master 45 1766-68 bey - Tatar dignitary, noble 25 1680s bey - Turkish commander 46 1768-70 bez mest - without order of precedence 16 1613-34 birich - crier 02 12c bishop - arkhierei 21 17c bishop (Catholic) - biskup 16 1613-34 bishop - episkop 16 1613-34 biskup - bishop (Catholic) 16 1613-34 "black" people or lower classes - chernye liudi 45 1766-68 blustitel' - locum tenens 21 17c bliustitel' - overseer, supervisor, rector of Moscow Academy 45 1766-68 blizhnii boairin - privy boyar 14 1598-1606 blizhnii boiarin - privy councillor 26 1690s blizhnii stol'nik - privy table attendant 25 1680s blizhnye liudi - privy councillors. See tainyi sovetnik 48 1772-74 blizhnyi chelovek - privy councillor 16 1613-34 blizhnii boiarin - privy boyar 45 1766-68 blizhnii okolnichii - privy lord-in-waiting 45 1766-68 blizhnii voevoda - privy commander 13 1584-98 bloodwite collector - virnik 01 9-11c blustitel' - locum tenens 21 17c boarder - sosed 24 bobrovniki - beaver trappers 06 1389-1425 bobyl - cotter 12 16c bodyguard - grid', grid'ba 01 9-11c bodyguards - telokhraniteli 15 1606-10 bogomol'tsy - clergy 16 1613-34 bogomolets - pilgrim, also form of address 15 1606-10 boiar - boyar 45 1766-68 boiare putnye starodavnye i nekuplennye - boyars of ancient and unpurchased right 12 16c boiarin - boyar 15 1606-10 boiarin koniushii - boyar (master) of the horse 24 boiarskie liudi - boyar men 21 17c boiarskie liudi - boyars' bondslaves 26 1690s boiarskii chelovek mladshii - boyar's lesser man 12 16c boiarynia - boyarina 25 1680s boiler maker - kotel'nik 24 boliare - variant of boiare (boyars) 06 1389-1425 bolichnaia bratiia - infirmarians 21 17c bol'shie liudi - most eminent people 16 1613-34 bol'shogo polka dvorovyi voevoda - household commander of the great regiment 25 1680s bol'shoi boiarin - great boyar, also known as vvedenyi (privy) boyar 06 1389-1425 bol'shoi voevoda - commander in chief of large military unit, army 45 1766-68 bombardir - bombardier 26 1690s bonded laborer - rabotnik 21 17c bondsman - kholop 15 1606-10 borovshchik - person who gathered provender for princes' horses 06 1389-1425 bortnik - beekeeper 45 1766-68 bound serf - odernovatyi 06 1389-1425 boy - parubok (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 boyar and master of the horse - koniushii boiarin 14 1598-1606 boyar men - boiarskie liudi 21 17c boyarina - boiarynia 25 1680s brakovshchik - quality controller 37 1741-44 briber - posul'nik 06 1389-1425 brigadier - piatisotnyi 25 1680s brigadir - brigadier (V) 37 1741-44 brigand - vor 14 1598-1606 broker - znakhar 12 16c brother (monastic) - starets 15 1606-10 buccaneer - vor 21 17c budnik - pitch maker 21 17c bugler - surnach 14 1598-1606 bunchunzhyi - standard bearer 25 1680s burggraf - burgrave (Holy Roman empire) 13 1584-98 burgher - meshchanin 14 1598-1606 burghers - meshchanstvo 18 16-17c burgomaster - burgomistr 48 1772-74 burgomistr - burgomaster 48 1772-74 burgrave - posadnik (appointed by prince) 01 9-11c burgrave (Holy Roman empire) - burggraf 13 1584-98 burlak - bargeman, barge hauler 26 1690s burmistr - magistrate 26 1690s burmistr - mayor (W. russ.). Use burgomaster 45 1766-68 butler (court rank) - striapchii, crown agent 14 1598-1606 cab driver - izvoshchik 16 1613-34 cadilesker - Turkish high Islamic office 48 1772-74 caesar (Byzantine court rank) - kezar 45 1766-68 "Caesar" (False Dmitry) - tsezar 14 1598-1606 caliph - turkish 48 1772-74 caller, warrant server 06 1389-1425 cannoneer - pushkar 24 canon (Pol.) - kanonik 13 1584-98 canonarch - kanonarkhist 17 1634-45 cantor - pevchii d'iak 21 17c cantors (church) - d'iaki 45 1766-68 captain (cavalry) - rotmistr (IX) 15 1606-13 captain - golova, sotnik 15 1606-10 captain - sotskii 21 17c captain in the army - armeiskii kapitan (IX) 37 1741-44 captain of a myriad, prince - temnyi kniaz' 06 1389-1425 captain of musketeers - sotnik streletskii 14 1598-1606 captain of the guards - kapitan gvardii (IX) 37 1741-44 cardinal 16 1613-34 carter - izvoshchik 16 1613-34 castellan - kashtelian (Polish-Lithuanian title) 14 1598-1606 castle constable - zamkovyi uriadnik 12 17c catechist - tserkovnik 37 1741-44 catholicos - head of Armenian church 23 17c cavalier guards - kavalergardov 48 1772-74 cavalrymen - reitarskie liudi 24 cell monk - keleinik 12 17c cellarer - kelar' (monastic official) 14 1598-1606 cellarer (monastic official) - kelar' 16 1613-34 cellarman, wine steward - gvozdar 24 chamber servant - kamer-lakei 48 1772-74 chamberlain - postel'nik 06 1389-1425 chamberlain (acting, actual) - kamerger, kamer-iunker - gentleman of the chamber 48 1772-74 chambermaid - gornichnaia 37 1741-44 chancellery agent - posylshchik 35 1730s chancellery official - prikashchik 14 1598-1606 chancellery officials - prikaznye liudi 15 1606-10 chancellery warden - prikaznoi pristav 25 1680s chancellor - diak (of Poland, etc.; Laski, the Polish chancellor, Chancellor Laski) 45 1766-68 chancellor (Turkish) - reis-effendi 48 1772-74 chancellor - kantseliar, kantsler 14 1598-1606 chancellor - kantsler 15 1606-10 chaplain - kaplan 12 16c chaplain - krestovyi d'iak 13 1584-98 chashnik - cupbearer (pushkarev) 14 1598-1606 chef, cook - povar 37 1741-44 cheliad' - household slaves 06 1389-1425 cheliadin - slave 06 1389-1425 chelo - head (of army, embassy) 21 17c chern' - commoners 13 1584-98 chern' - rank-and-file (noun) 20 17c chernets - monk 24 chernososhnye krest'iane - taxpaying crown peasants 07 15c chernye liudi - "black" people or lower classes 45 1766-68 chernyi pop - hieromonk 21 17c chevalier - kavaler' 16 1613-34 chiaus - Turkish envoy or messenger 13 1584-98 chief - nachal'nik 24 chief aga - kizlir-aga 35 1730s chief hetman - getman velikii 45 1766-68 chief hetman - getman pol'nyi 14 1598-1606 chief hierarch - arkhierei 21 17c chief justice - sud'ia general'nyi 25 1680s chief lady-in-waiting - gofmeisterin (Pol.) 14 1598-1606 chief of gendarmes - ober-politseimeister 48 1772-74 chief of the commissary - general-krigs-komissar 48 1772-74 chief of the local police and judical district - gubnoy starosta 24 chief official - prikashchik (slobodskoi) 25 1680s chief privy councillor - tainoi dumy dumets 13 1584-98 chief procurator (Holy Synod) - ober-prokuror 37 1741-44 chief procurator - ober-prokuror 48 1772-74 chieftain - atamanishka 21 17c chieftain - vladelets 13 1584-98 chieftain (Asiatic tribes) - kniazets 24 chiliarch - tysiatskii 04 13-14c chinovnik - official, civil servant, state functionary 12 16c chiny prodvornye - court functionaries 14 1598-1606 chosen men - vybornye liudi 16 1613-34 chrezvychainyi ministr - ambassador extraordinary 37 1741-44 chrezvychainyi poslannik - emissary extrordinary, extraordinary envoy 37 1741-44 Christ's fool - iurodivyi 24 church warden - tserkovnyi starosta 24 churchman, cleric - sviashchennyi sluzhitel' 35 1730s citizens - gorozhane 18 16-17c city medical officer - shtadt-fizikus 37 1741-44 civic officials - nachal'nye liudi 20 17c clergy - bogomol'tsy 16 1613-34 clergy - dukhovenstvo 13 1584-98 clergyman - kliroshanin (Pushkarev) 14 1598-1606 cleric, churchman - sviashchennyi sluzhitel' 35 1730s cleric - diachok 21 17c cleric in minor orders - prichetnik 21 17c clerk - kantserialist 38 1745-48 clerk - pod'iachii 15 1606-10 clerk - pisets 06 1389-1425 clerk who keeps minutes - protokolist 37 1741-44 clerks - prikaznye 35 1730s client - derzhal'nik 21 17c cloth merchant - sukonnik 16 1613-34 co-owner of property - polovinshchik 24 co-owner, member of cooperative land association - siabr 45 1766-68 cobbler - sapozhnik 18 16-17c coiner - denezhnyi master 21 17c collegiate assessor - kollezhskii assessor (civil service title, VIII) 48 1772-74 colonel - polkovnik 16 1613-34 commander - hetman 48 1772-74 commander - voevoda 15 1606-13 commander of half-company - piatidesiatnik 14 1598-1606 commander-in-chief - koshevoi (cossack) 25 1680s commercial agents - promyshlenniki 26 1690s commissar - komissar 48 1772-74 commissary - komissariat 48 1772-74 commissary/minister plenipotentiary (Sw.) - kommisar' i polnomochnyi ministr 37 1741-44 commissioners - komissary 15 1606-10 common traders - torgovye chernye liudi 13 1584-98 commoner - smerd 01 9-11c commoners - chern' 13 1584-98 commoners, citizens at large - pospol'stvo 12 16c communications officer - ofitser dlia rasporiazheniia pochtoiu 37 1741-44 communion bread (prosphora) baker - prosfirnia, proskuritsa, prosvira 12 16c company clerk (Muscovy Company) - prikashchik 13 1584-98 company commander - sotnik 14 1598-1606 conciliar noble - dumnyi dvorianin 14 1598-1606 conciliar secretary - dumnyi d'iak 14 1598-1606 conference councillor (Swedish) - konferents-sovetnik 45 1766-68 confessor - dukhovnik 14 (17c) confessor - ispovednik 18 16-17c confessor - otets dukhovnyi 03 12-13c conscripts - datochnye liudi 21 17c consecrated estate - osviashchennyi chin 16 1613-34 constable - nedel'shchik 12 16c contract servitors, servicemen - sluzhilye liudi 24 contractor - poriadchik 37 1741-44 controller-general (France) - general-kontroler 37 1741-44 cook, chef - povar 37 1741-44 cooper - kadashevets 21 17c copyist - kopiist 48 1772-74 corporal - desiatnik 14 1598-1606 corporal - desiatskii 21 17c corporal - kapral 37 1741-44 corrector - spravshchik 25 1680s cossack captain - golova kazach'ii 14 1598-1606 cossack - kazak, kozak 16 1613-34 cossack pirate - vorovskii kazak 21 17c cossacks, Putivl cossacks 11 16c councillor (Ger.) - palatnik 14 1598-1606 councillor-at-legation - legatsion-rat 38 1745-48 councillor to the conference - sovetnik konferentsii 48 1772-74 councillors - dumnye/blizhnye liudi 15 1606-13 councillors - dumnye liudi 15 1606-13 count (papal) - graf 14 1598-1606 count palatine - pfal'tskii 16 1613-34 courier - gonets 15 1606-10 court assistant - zemskii tseloval'nik 24 court chaplains - sviashchenniki pridvornye 15 1606-10 court chef - kukhmistr (Polish rank) 46 1768-70 court councillor - nadvornyi sovetnik, kantsler (VII) 48 1772-74 court functionaries - chiny pridvornye 14 1598-1606 court people - dvoriane 03 12-13c court retainers - dvorovye liudi 21 17c court tailor (Poland) - forshneider 37 1741-44 court retainers 16 1613-34 courtier (dvorianin) 24 courtiers - dvoriane 06 1389-1425 Cracow, archbishop of 08 15c craftswoman - masteritsa 24 crossroad priests - krestovye popy 48 1772-74 crown agent - striapchii 16 1613-34 crown agent (Pol.) - koronnyi poverennyi 25 1680s crown chancellor - kantsler koronnyi 18 16-17c crown clerk (prikazov pod'iachie) 14 1598-1606 crown councillors - tsarskii sinklit 15 1606-10 crown franchise holder - otkupshchik 38 1745-48 crown hetman (Pol.) - koronnyi getman 14 1598-1606 crown marshal (Pol.) - koronnyi marshalok 15 1606-10 crown officials - liudi prikaznye 35 1730s crown prince - kalga (Crimean Tatar) 48 1772-74 crown secretary - d'iak 15 1606-13 crown prince - kronprints 38 1745-48 crown serf - serf belonging to tsar 23 17c crown servitor - oprichnik 13 1584-98 crown table attendant - koronnyi stol'nik 13 1584-98 crown treasurer - podskarbii koronnii 25 1680s crown treasurer of Lithuania - podskarbii litovskii 13 1589-98 cupbearer (princely household office) - chashnik 15 1606-10 cupbearer - tafeldekerskii pomoshchnik 38 1745-48 customs inspector, official 37 1741-44 customs chiefs - tamozhennye golovy 16 1613-34 customs official - tseloval'nik 13 1584-98 d'iachki - scribes 14 1598-1606 d'iak - crown secretary 15 1606-13 d'iak (ecclesiastical) - deacon 16 1613-34 d'iak dvortsovyi - court crown secretary 12 16c d'iak palatnyi - palace crown secretary 12 16c d'iak vvedennyi - privy secretary 06 1389-1425 dannyi pristav - bailiff extraordinary 12 16c daruga - Tatar tax collector 06 1389-1425 datochnye liudi - auxiliaries 26 1690s datochnye liudi - conscripts 21 17c day laborers - obydenki 37 1741-44 d'iakon - deacon 26 1690s deacon on bishop's staff - pridel'nyi diakon 24 dean (ecclesiastical) - starosta popovskii 12 16c defaulter - izbyval'shchik 18 16-17c defrocked priest 06 1389-1425 deistvitel'nyi kamerger - high chamberlain 37 1741-44 deistvitel'nyi statskii sovetnik - senior state councillor (IV) 45 1766-68 deistvitel'nyi tainyi sovetnik - senior privy councillor (II) 45 1766-68 delegate - poverennyi 15 1606-10 deliui -craftsmen performing services for prince 06 1389-1425 demenskii kupchina - damask merchant 12 16c den'shchik - overseer 17 1634-45 denezhnye sborshchiki - revenue collectors 24 denezhnyi master - mint master, coiner 21 17c deputat - deputy 48 1772-74 deputaty - deputies 16 1613-34 deputy - deputat 48 1772-74 deputy commander - voiskovoi tovarishch 25 1680s deputy governor, commander - vtoroi voevoda 15 1606-10 deputy (Tatar) - kalga 16 1613-34 derzhal'nik - client 21 17c derzhava zamkovyi - castle warden 12 16c derzhavets - prefect (Pol.) 15 1606-10 derzhavtsa - holder of benefice, prefect (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 desiatil'nik - tithe collector 12 16c desiatinnik - tithe collector 12 16c desiatnik - corporal (musketeers) 26 1690s desiatnik - decurion 06 1389-1425 desiatskii - corporal 21 17c desiatskii - tenman 12 16c desiatskii sviashchennik - decade priest 12 16c desnitskii - squad leader, police sergeant 24 "Despair" tsarevich - nechai-tsarevich 21 17c deti boiarskie - junior boyars 16 1613-34 detonsured monk - strigol'nik 06 1389-1425 detskii - court agent 06 1389-1425 detskii - man-at-arms 12 16c detskii - young servant 03 12-13c diachok - cleric 21 17c diachok - sexton, psalmist, reader 24 diadka - attendant 25 1680s diadka - tutor 26 1690s d'iak - chancellor (if affiliated with a chancellery); crown secretary if affiliated with office below chancellery) 24 d'iak vvedennyi - official state secretary 06 1389-1425 d'iakon - deacon 26 1690s diaki (church) - cantors 45 1766-68 diaki masterskoi tsaritsynoi palaty - clerks of the tsaritsa's private workshop 24 dignitaries - znat' 24 dignitaries (ecclesiastical) - vlasti 21 17c dignitary - sanovnik 13 1584-98 diplomat - rezident (Russ.) 25 1680s director - nachal'nik, office 24 director general of mines - general-berg-direktor 35 18c director of bishop's chancellery - prikaznoi 25 1680s director of posts - iamskoi upravitel' 38 1745-48 director-in-chief - glavnyi komandir 37 1741-44 disgraced person - opal'nyi 06 1389-1425 dispatcher - rassylshchik 35 1730s dissidents (Polish non-Catholics) - dissidenty 13 1584-98 dissidenty - dissidents (Polish non-Catholics) 13 1584-98 district chief, administrator - volostel' 04 13-14c district commander - osoblivyi pristav 48 1772-74 district councillor - landrat 37 1741-44 district deputies (to Polish Sejm) - posly povetovye 13 1584-98 district supervisory priest - starosta popovskii 14 1598-1606 diuk - duke 46 1768-70 dobrye liudi - well-to-do people, respected citizens 26 1690s doctor - meider 48 1772-74 doge - kniaz' venetsianskii 13 1584-98 dokhtur - foreign medical doctor 24 dol'nik - prosperous peasant families united with a poor household 07 15c domestic servants and peasants - liudi i krest'iane 35 1730s domestic servants - domochadtsy 16 1613-34 domochadtsy - domestic servants 16 1613-34 donor (to monastery) - vkladchik 17 1634-45 donoress (nun or laywoman living in convent at own expense) - vkladchitsa 35 1730s doverennye liudi, verniki - proxies or plenipotentiaries 12 16c dovodchik - bailiff 12 16c dovodchik - court agent 06 1389-1425 dovodchik - false witness 06 1389-1425 dowager tsaritsa - tsaritsa-mat' 14 1598-1606 dozh - doge (Venice, Genoa) 26 1690S dozorets - overseer 26 1690s dozorshchik ruzh'em - weapons instructor 17 1634-45 drab - foot soldiers (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 dragoman 26 1690s dragoons - draguny 24 dragun - dragoon 38 1745-48 drayman - izvoshchik 16 1613-34 drummer - barabanshchik 37 1741-44 druzhinnik - retainer 01 9-11c duke - herzog, gertsog 04 13-14c duke of Milan 07 15c dukhovenstvo - clergy 13 1584-98 dukhovnik - confessor, chaplain 14 1598-1606 dukhovnye dolzhnosti - ecclesiastical offices 15 1606-10 dumnye liudi - councillors 15 1606-13 dumnyi d'iak - conciliar secretary 14 1598-1606 dumnyi dvorianin - conciliar noble, state servitor 14 1598-1606 dumnyi postelnichii - conciliar gentleman of the bedchamber 25 1680s dumnyi sovetnik - state councillor 26 1690s dvoretskii - majordomo 14 1598-1606 dvoriane gorodovye - provincial servitors, town service gentry 14 1598-1606 dvoriane moskovskie - select moscow gentry 14 1598-1606 dvoriane vybornye - select provincial gentry 14 1598-1606 dvoriane - court people 03 12-13c dvoriane - gentry, nobles 16 1613-34 dvorianin - servitor 25 1680s dvorianstvo - service nobility 13 1584-98 dvornik - janitor 12 16c dvorovye liudi - court retainers, servitors 16 1613-34 dvorovyi voevoda - household commander 14 1598-1606 dvorovyi chelovek - house servant/serf 26 1690s dvorskii - court administrator 12 16c dvorskii. Use official 04 13-14c dwarf - karl, karlik 13 1584-98 earl (English) - graf 13 1584-98 ecclesiarch - ustavshchik 21 17c ecclesiastical dignitaries - vlasti 24 ecclesiastical estate - tserkovnyi chin 15 1606-10 ecclesiastical offices - dukhovnye dolzhnosti 15 1606-10 ecclesiastical dignataries - tserkovnye prichetniki 16 1613-34 ecumenical patriarch - patriarkh vselenskii 13 1584-98 ego sviatost' - his holiness 18 16-17c ego tsesarskoe velichestvo - his imperial highness 16 1613-34 ekklesiarkh (eklusiarkh) - sexton 37 1741-44 ekonom - steward 35 1730s ekonom - oeconomus (monastic steward) 03 12-13c ekonomicheskii krest'ianin - economic peasant 48 1772-74 ekspeditsiia - investigative office 48 1772-74 ekzarkh - exarch 25 1680s ekzarkh patriarshii - patriarchal exarch 18 16-17c ekzarshestvo - rank of exarch 18 16-17c ekzekutor - administrator 35 1730s elder (monastic) - starets 15 1606-10 elder - starosta, uriadnik (Lith.) 15 1606-10 elder - starosta 16 1613-34 elected chief of local administration - zemskii starosta 24 elected local sworn officials - tseloval'niki 24 elected musketeers - vybornye strel'tsy 24 elected representatives - vybornye liudi 25 18c elected rural district officials - volostnye vybornye 24 elected rural district representatives (who sit in town hall) - volostnye aretchiki 24 elected representatives from the towns - vybornye liudi iz gorodov 16 1613-34 elector - kurfiurst 16 1613-34 emissary - poslannik 15 1606-10 emad-efendi - Turkish mufti 38 1745-48 eminent men - imenitye liudi 13 1584-98 emissary - prisyl'shchik 21 17c emissary extraordinary - chrezvychainyi poslannik 37 1741-44 emperor ("caesar") - tsezar (False Dmitry) 14 1598-1606 emperor (Holy Roman) - tsezar (khristianskii) 15 1606-10 emperor - the emperor said; Emperor Paul; Holy Roman emperor 45 1766-68 empress - imperatritsa 16 1613-34 ensign - praporshchik (XIII) 48 1772-74 entrepreneur - okhotnik-kupets 38 1745-48 entrepreneurs - promyshlenniki 26 1690s envoy - poslannik 15 1606-10 episkop - bishop 16 1613-34 episkop-sobstvennik - landowner-bishop 18 16-17c erikhtes-veibel - sergeant-major 17 1634-45 ertsgertsog - archduke 16 1613-34 esaul - captain (cossack) (IX) 20 17c esaulishka - second lieutenant (cossack) 21 17c escort - pristav 20 17c estate, social group (W. Russ.) - stan 45 1766-68 Evangelicals (Protestants) - evangeliki 18 16-17c evangeliki - Evangelicals (Protestants) 18 16-17c exarch - ekzarkh 25 1680s exarch (rank of) - ekzarshestvo 18 16-17c expert - znakhar 12 16c ezdovoi serzhant - messenger sergeant 35 1730s falconer - sokol'nik 14 1598-1606 farmers - zemskie liudi 12 16c farming peasant - pakhotnyi krest'ian 48 1772-74 father superior - nastoiatel' 45 1766-68 favorite - liubimets 13 1584-98 favorite - vremenshchik 18 16-17c fel'dmarshal - field marshal (I) 46 1768-70 fel'dtseikhmeister - artillery commander 26 1690s female slave - raba, zhonka (W. Russ.) 15 1606-10 field colonel - polevoi polkovnik (cossack rank) 25 1680s field marshal - Field Marshal Glinsky 45 1766-68 field commander - koshevoi ataman 20 17c firetender - istopnik 24 firetender's wife - istopnichikha 24 first lieutenant - voiskovoi esaul 25 1680s first major - prem'er-maior (VIII) 48 1772-74 first-guild merchant - pervostateinyi kupets 48 1772-74 fisherman - rybolov 45 1776-78 fiskal - government inspector, agent, auditor 45 1766-68 fiurer - wagoner 17 1634-45 fizikus - physician, medic 48 1772-74 fligel-adiutant - aide-de-camp 45 1766-68 foot soldiers (W. Russ.) - drab 45 1766-68 foot wanderers - peshie 24 foreign medical doctor - dokhtur 24 foreign minister (Turkish) - reis efendi 37 1741-44 former priest - raspop 45 1766-68 forshneider - court tailor (Poland) 37 1741-44 fortification builder - gorododelets 25 1680s free alcoholic beverage seller - vol'nyi piteinyi promyshlennik 24 free district peasants (N. Russ.) - uezdnye liudi 45 1766-68 free homesteader - odnodvorets 35 1730s free men (cossack outlaws) - vol'nitsa 21 17c free servitors - slugi vol'nye 06 1389-1425 freelance private solicitor - khodok 37 1741-44 freemen - muzhi 25 1680s frontier commander (Lithuanian) - strazhnik litovskii 45 1766-68 frontier officer - zasechnaia 25 1680s fur tribute gatherer - sborshchik iasaka 14 1598-1606 furer - guide, scout 17 1634-45 gaiduki - haiduks 16 1613-34 gardener - sadovnik 06 1389-1425 garrison - osadnye liudi 20 17c garrison soldier - zatinshchik 35 1730s gate watch - vorotnoi storozh 24 gatekeeper - vorotnik 24 gendarme chief - general-politseimeister 48 1772-74 gendarme constable - politseimeister 48 1772-74 gendarme constable - politseiskii starosta 48 1772-74 gendarme general 48 1772-74 general (I­IV) 46 1768-70 general poruchik - lieutenant general (III) 46 1768-70 general secretary - general'nyi pisar' 25 1680s general war commissariat 48 1772-74 general zemel podolskihk - general of the Podolian lands (Polish) 45 1766-68 general'nyi marshal - marshal general 46 1768-70 general-ad"iutant - adjutant general 48 1772-74 general-admiral - general admiral (I) 26 1690s general-anshef - General-in-chief (II) 45 1766-68 general-berg-direktor - director general of mines 35 1730s general-feldtseigmeister - quartermaster general (II) 45 1766-68 general-gubernator - governor general 35 1730s general-in-chief - general-anshef (II) 45 1766-68 general-kontroler - controller-general (France) 37 1741-44 general-krigs-komissar - chief of the commissary 48 1772-74 general-kvartermeister - quartermaster general (II) 46 1768-70 general-leitenant - lieutenant general (III) 35 1730s general-maior - major general (IV) 35 1730s general-plenopotentsiar - plenipotentiary general 37 1741-44 general-politseimeister - gendarme general (Peter) 37 1741-44 general-prokuror - procurator general 45 1766-68 general-proviantmeister - commissary general 35 1730s generalitet (tat) - military elite, those of the four highest ranks 45 1766-68 generalnyi pisar' - general secretary 25 1680s generalnyi regimentar (Polish) - regiment general 45 1766-68 generalnyi revizor - inspector general 37 1741-44 gentleman of the bedchamber - postel'nichii 13 1584-98 gentleman of the bedchamber - spal'nik 24 gentleman of the chamber - kamerger, kamlerlakei 38 1745-48 gentry - szlachta (Polish); shliakhta (Russ.) 45 1766-68 gentry - dvoriane; ordre equestre (Polish) 48 1772-74 Gentry class (Lithuania) - zemiane 07 15c gentry (Polish) - shliakhta (szlachta) 16 1613-34 gentry - dvoriane 16 1613-34 gerfalconer - krechetnik 14 1598-1606 geroldmeister - master of heraldry 35 1730s gertsog (hertzog) - duke; -ana - duchess 45 1766-68 gertsog kurliandskii - duke of courland 26 1690s getman - hetman (Hetman Ivan, etc.); army chief in Ukraine, Pol-Lith 45 1766-68 getman pol'nyi - chief hetman 14 1598-1606 getman velikii - chief hetman 45 1766-68 gezel - assistant apothecary 35 1730s glavkomanduiushchii - commander-in-chief 46 1768-70 glavnyi komandir - director-in-chief 37 1741-44 "God's nobles" - Knights 04 13-14c gofmarshal - marshal of the court 35 1730s gofmeisterin (Pol.) - chief lady-in-waiting 14 1598-1606 golik - junior captain (cossack, dim. of golova) 20 17c golodnik - rebel 06 1389-1425 golova - (district) head 26 1690s golova - captain (cossack) 15 1606-10 golova kazach'ii - cossack captain 14 1598-1606 golova kruzhechnogo dvora - superintendant of crown taverns 21 17c golova pushkarskii - artillery commander 25 1680s golova sluzhnyi - service chief 12 16c golova(y) - regimental commander(s) of musketeers or head/chief of other group (context); colonel (1650s) soldaty regiments 45 1766-68 golova, captain or head of a district; also a customs official 45 1766-68 golova, osadnoi - governor's assistant 24 golova, streletskii - colonel (of musketeers) 15 1606-13 golovshchik - subprecentor 17 1634-45 gonets - herald, courier 15 1606-10 gonets - herald, messenger, courier 16 1613-34 gornechnik - potter 24 gornichnaia - chambermaid 37 1741-44 gorodchik - town garrison commander 12 16c gorodichii - commander/commandant of city/town garrison 24 gorodnichie - municipal administrators 12 16c gorododelets - fortification builder 25 1680s gorodovoi prikashchik - city garrison commander later called "komendant", town commissioner 24 gorodovoi prikashchik - town prefect 13 1584-98 gorodovoi prikazchik - town chief or fort agent 45 1766-68 gorodovoi voevoda - town governor 37 1741-44 gorodovye - provincial military servitors 12 16c gorodovye kazaki - (town) registered cossacks 26 1690s gorodovye kozaki - town cossacks (part of garrison) 24 gorodskie - town dwellers 06 1389-1425 gorozhane - urban residents, citizens 13 1584-98 gospoda prezidenty - lords presidents 48 1772-74 gospodar - hospodar (Wallachia) 38 1745-48 gospodar - sovereign (Lithuanian term) 11 16c gospodar - sovereign (West Russian term) 45 1766-68 gospodarik - lordling 18 16-17c gospodin - lord (as Lord Dmitry) 45 1766-68 gost' (v)vedennyi - resettled merchant 12 16c gost' - leading merchant 14 1598-1606 gosti - leading merchants 16 1613-34 gosudar' - sovereign 15 1606-10 gosudarstvennye chiny - estates (Sweden) 10 16c gosudarstvennye dolzhnosti - crown offices 15 1606-10 gosudarstvennyi deputat - state, crown deputy 45 1766-68 gosudarstvennyi krest'ianin - state peasant 48 1772-74 governess - mavna 24 government agent, inspector, auditor - fiskal 45 1766-68 government officials - liudi prikaznye 35 1730s governor - voevoda 15 1606-13 governor (of a province) - gubernator 38 1745-48 governor (Swedish) - pravitel' 16 1613-34 governor's assistant - osadnaia golova 25 1680s governor, civil and military 48 1772-74 gradonachal'nik - town governor 46 1768-70 gradskaia golova - mayor - municipal official 48 1772-74 graf - (papal) count 14 1598-1606 graf - count 46 1768-70 graf - earl (English) 13 1584-98 grammarian - grammatik 13 1584-98 grammatik - grammarian 13 1584-98 granary officer - zhitichnaia golova 25 1680s granatchik - grenadier 26 1690s grand chancellor - velikii kantsler 48 1772-74 grand duke (post-Petrine) - velikii kniaz' 38 1745-48 grand hetman - velikii getman 48 1772-74 grand marshal (Pol.) - taken from N. Davies' God's Playground History of Poland grand master (Livonian Order) 45 1766-68 grand master of the horse - obershtaleister 38 1745-48 grand mufti - velikii mufti 38 1745-48 grand prince - velikii kniaz' 45 1766-68 grand privy boyar - velikii blizhnii boiarin 13 1584-98 grand royal hetman - koronnyi getman 38 1745-48 grand vizier - velikii vizir 48 1772-74 great boyar - bol'shoi boiarin 06 1389-1425 great men - muzhi 06 1389-1425 great mogul - velikii mogul 38 1745-48 great sovereign - velikii gosudar' 45 1766-68 great sovereign lady - velikaia gosudarynia 16 1613-34 grid', grid'ba - bodyguard 01 9-11c grid', grid'ba - junior boyars 06 1389-1425 groom - koniukh 15 1606-10 guard - vorotnoi storozh 24 guard posted in administrative office - prikaznoi storozh 24 guardian - kormilets 03 12-13c guardian - oberegatel' 25 1680s guardian of the great royal seal and the state's great ambassadorial affairs - tsarstvennye sho'shie pechati i gosudar-stvennykh velikikh posol'skikh del oberegatel' 25 1680s guards major - maior gvardii 37 1741-44 guards, the 48 1772-74 gubernator - governor of Pskov, etc. 45 1766-68 gubernator-general - governor general 46 1768-70 gubernskii sekretar' - regional secretary (XI) 37 1741-44 gubnoi starosta - local magistrate 25 1680s gubnoy starosta - local police chief/magistrate (of the district) 24 gubnoy starosta, head of the guba, elder 45 1766-68 gubnye tseloval'niki - local officials 14 1598-1606 gubnyi tselovalnik - local police officer/ magistrate, assistant criminal judge 24 guide - provozhatyi 13 1584-98 guild representative - vernaia golova 21 17c guildsmen 48 1772-74 guliashchie liudi - free and unattached men 45 1766-68 gultiai - wanderers, vagabonds 45 1766-68 gunner - pushkar 24 gusar - hussar 15 1606-10 gvozdar - cellarman, wine steward 24 gynaecologist - znatok v zhenskikh bolezniakh 13 1584-98 haiduk - gaiduk 16 1613-34 halberdier - alebardshchik 14 1598-1606 harquebusier 45 1766-68 hatter - tulnik 06 1389-1425 hawker - iastrebnik 14 1598-1606 head (of army, embassy) - chelo 21 17c hearthman - ognishchanin 01 9-11c heckler - krikun 21 17c helmsman - kormnik, kormchii 06 1389-1425 helmsman - shturman 48 1772-74 herald - gonets 15 1606-13 hereditary serf (W. Russ.) - otchich 45 1766-68 herzog - duke 04 13-14c hetman - commander-in-chief of the army (in Poland and Ukraine) 45 1766-68 hetman - getman 15 1606-13 hierodeacon - ierodiakon 24 hieromonk - chernyi pop 21 17c hieromonk - ieromonakh 25 1680s high ambassadors - velikie posly 16 1613-34 high boyars - velikaia boiarinia 24 high chamberlain - deistvitel'nyi kamerger 37 1741-44 high president - ober-prezident 37 1741-44 high priest - arkhierei 21 17c high procurator - ober-prokuror 38 1745-48 high swordbearer - velikii mechnik (royal household office created by False Dmitry) 15 1606-10 hired - vol'nonaemnyi 48 1772-74 hired hand - iaryzhka 21 17c hired man - skupshchik 13 1584-98 hireling - naimit 01 9-11c his holiness - ego sviatost' 18 16-17c his imperial highness - ego tsesarskoe velichestvo 16 1613-34 holder of a knightly order, cavalier - kavaler 48 1772-74 holder of benefice - derzhavtsa 45 1766-68 holder, keeper - soderzhatel' 45 1766-68 holy fool - iurodivyi 24 holy orders - san dukhovnyi 15 1606-10 Holy Roman emperor - imperator nemetskii, germanskii 16 1613-34 Holy Roman emperor - rimskii tsesar 16 1613-34 Holy Roman emperor - tsezar, tsezar khristianskii 14 1598-1606 horse guards - konnogvardeiskie (imperial guards regiment) 48 1772-74 horse guards captain - konnogvardiia 48 1772-74 horseman - snuznik 06 1389-1425 hospodar (Moldavia-Wallachia) - voevoda 13 1584-98 hostage - amanat 45 1766-68 hostage - zalozhnik 13 1584-98 house slaves/serfs - zadvornye liudi/krest'iane 26 1690s household commander - dvorovyi voevoda 14 1598-1606 household commander of great regiment - bol'shogo polka dvorovyi voevoda 25 1680s household serfs - liudi dvorovye 35 1730s household servants - pridvornye liudi 15 1606-10 hundredman - sotnik, sotskii 15 1606-13 hunter, huntsman - lovchii 06 1389-1425 hunter of predatory animals - pardusnik 06 1389-1425 huntsmen - psari 06 1389-1425 hussar - gusar 15 1606-10 iabednik - agent (Vernadsky MRL) 03 11-13c iabednik - court herald 12 16c iamshchik - postal agent 38 1745-48 iamskie okhotniki - postal couriers 15 1606-10 iamskii okhotnik - post-rider 12 16c iamskii prikashchik - postal agent 26 1690s iamskoi upravitel' 38 1745-48 ianychar - janissary 20 17c iaryzhka - hired hand 21 17c iaryzhki - vagrants 24 iasachnye liudi - tribute (tax-) paying natives 26 1690s iasel'nichii - master of the horse 24 iasel'nichii - stablemaster 21 17c iastrebnik - hawker 14 1598-1606 iasyr - captives or prisoners of war 45 1766-68 iazyk - informant 13 1584-98 iconographer - ikonopisets 13 1584-98 ierarkh - prelate 06 1389-1425 ierodiakon - hierodeacon 24 ieromonakh - hieromonk 25 1680s igumen - abbot 16 1613-34 igumen'ia - abbess 25 1680s ikonopisets - iconographer 13 1584-98 imenitye liudi - eminent men 13 1584-98 imperator - emperor 46 1768-70 imperator nemetskii - Holy Roman emperor 16 1613-34 imperatorskii - imperial 16 1613-34 imperatritsa - empress 16 1613-34 imperial - tsezarskii 14 1598-1606 imperial highness - tsezarskoe velichestvo 14 1598-1606 imperial - imperatorskii 16 1613-34 indentured servant - zakladen 06 1389-1425 indentured worker - zakup 45 1766-68 indigenous boyar - korennoi boiarin 06 1389-1425 infirmarians - bolichnaia bratiia 21 17c informant - iazyk 13 1584-98 informant - skhodnik 15 1606-10 informer - perevetnik 06 1389-1425 informer - svedentsyi 12 16c inhabitant - obyvatel' 37 1741-44 inspector - nadsmotrishchik, vyimshchik 37 1741-44 internuntius - internuntsio 48 1772-74 internuntsii - papal internuncio 45 1766-68 internuntsio - internuntius 48 1772-74 interpreter - tolmach 25 1680s investigative office - ekspeditsiia 48 1772-74 investigator - vyimshchik 37 1741-44 investigator - sledovatel' 13 1584-98 irregulars - volnitsy 04 13-14c iskusnye liudi - skilled men 12 16c ispolovnik - tenant farmer, sharecropper 06 1389-1425 ispovednik - confessor 18 16-17c istopnichikha - firetender's wife 24 istopnik - firetender 24 itinerants - guliashchie liudi, peshie 35 1730s iurodivyi - Christ's fool, holy fool 24 iz gorodov - provincial 16 1613-34 izbylye liudi - unregistered persons 18 16-17c izbyval'shchik - defaulter 18 16-17c izgoy, plural izgoi - dispossessed prince 02 11-12c izliublennyi starosta - elected magistrate 12 16c izmailovsky guards regiment 48 1772-74 izornik - sharecropper 45 1766-68 izvoshchik - cab driver, carter, drayman, teamster 16 1613-34 janissary - ianychar 20 17c jarl (Swedish hereditary rank). Use earl 04 13-14c jester - shut 15 1606-10 jobber - baryshnik 13 1584-98 Josephan - osiflian 13 1584-98 Judaizer - zhidovlianin 13 1584-98 judge (Zaporozhian Host) - voiskovyi sud'ia 20 17c judge - sud'ia 14 1598-1606 judge, Islamic chief - kadiesker 48 1772-74 Judicial councillor - nadvornyi sovetnik 48 1772-74 Junior boyar - syn boiarsky 24 junior boyars attached to archbishop - arkhiereiskie deti boiarskie 45 1766-68 junior boyars attached to archbishops - arkhiereiskie deti boiarskie 14 1598-1606 junior boyars attached to the patriarch (patriarshie deti boiarskie) 14 1598-1606 junior boyars - deti boiarskie 16 1613-34 jurist (Islamic) - mufti 48 1772-74 juror - lavnik (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 jurors - lavniki (cossack) 20 17c kabal'nye kholopy - slaves under contract 45 1766-68 kadashevets - cooper 21 17c kadi - a Muslim judge 08 15c kadiesker - Islamic chief judge 48 1772-74 kalga (Crimean Tatar) - crown prince 48 1772-74 kalga - deputy (Tatar) 16 1613-34 kamer-iungera - lady of the bedchamber 38 1745-48 kalga-sultan 26 1690s kamer-lakei - chamber servant 48 1772-74 kamerdin - valet 38 1745-48 kamerlakei - gentleman of the bedchamber 38 1745-48 kamerger, kameriunker - gentleman of the chamber, chamberlain 48 1772-74 kanonarkhist - canonarch 17 1634-45 kanonik - canon (Pol.) 13 1584-98 kantenarmus - quartermaster sergeant 38 1745-48 kantseliar - chancellor 14 1598-1606 kantseliarist - chancellery official, clerk (office) 35 1730s kantsler - chancellor (I) 35 1730s kantsler koronnyi - crown chancellor 18 16-17c kantsliarnyi sovetnik - chancellery councillor 46 1768-70 kapitan - captain (IX) 37 1741-44 kapitan gvardii - captain of the guards (IX) 37 1741-44 kapitan nad ruzh'em - fusileer captain, arms instructor 17 1634-45 kapitan-brigadir - brigadier captain (V) 46 1768-70 kapitan-poruchik - lieutenant-captain (IX) 48 1772-74 kapitul ordenskii - head of Livonian Order 26 1690s kaplan - chaplain 12 16c kapral - corporal 37 1741-44 kaptenarmus - supply/quartermaster officer 24 karachei - Tatar dignitary, noble 25 1680s karl, karlik - dwarf 13 1584-98 kashtelian - castellan (Polish-Lithuanian title) 14 1598-1606 kassir - treasurer 45 1766-68 kastelian - castellan 45 1766-68 katorzhnik - prisoner sentenced to hard labor, galley slave 46 1768-70 kaval'er - cavalier 35 1730s kaval'er - holder of a knightly order, cavalier 48 1772-74 kavalergardov - cavalier guards 48 1772-74 kazak, kozak - cossack 16 1613-34 kaznachei - treasurer/household treasurer 24 17c kaznacheia - wardrobe mistress 26 1690s kaznacheiskii keleinik - treasurer's servant(deputy)-context 24 keeper of the seal - pechatnik 14 1598-1606 keeper, holder - soderzhatel' 45 1766-68 kegaia - vizier's deputy (kehaya) 35 1730s kelar' - cellarer (monastic official) 14 1606-10 keleinik - cell monk 12 17c kezar - caesar (Byzantine court rank) 45 1766-68 khalupnik - market farmer 07 15c khan 16 1613-34 khizhan - landless peasant (Georgia) 07 15c khodok - messenger (on foot), freelance private solicitor 37 1741-44 kholop - slave, bondsman (female, raba) 15 1606-10 kholop polnyi i dokladnyi - full and confirmed slave 12 16c khorugv (Pol.) - ensign 26 1690s khorunzhii - standard bearer (Pol.) 15 1606-10 khorunzhy - standard-bearer; commander of the khrugov' 45 1766-68 khoruzhii koronnyi - royal standard bearer (Polish) 45 1766-68 khramovye rytsary - Knights Templar 04 13-14c kindern - class of German merchants 06 1389-1425 king - korol' 16 1613-34 kinglet - tsarik 18 16-17c kizlir-aga - chief aga 35 1730s klir - clergy 06 1389-1425 kliroshanin - clergyman (Pushkarev) 14 1598-1606 kliuchar' - sacristan 24 kliuchnik - steward/keeper of the keys, bailiff (context) 24 kmet - peasant (Pol., W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 kniagina - princess 45 1766-68 kniaz' - prince 45 1766-68 kniaz'-biskup - prince-bishop 18 16-17c kniaz' venetsianskii - doge 13 1584-98 kniazets - chieftain (Asiatic tribes) 24 kniazhata - lesser princes 45 1766-68 kniazheskaia milost' - princely grace 16 1613-34 knight of Malta - mal'tiiskii kavaler' 16 1613-34 Knights - "God's nobles" 04 13-14c knights of the Sword - Livonian Knights 04 13-14c Knights Templar - khramovye rytsary 04 13-14c kokiuskii patriarch -patriarch of Kokui 26 1690s kollezhskii assessor - collegiate assessor (VIII) 48 1772-74 kollezhskii sovetnik - collegiate councillor (VI) 35 1730s komandor - commander, Teutonic Order 04 13-14c komissar - commissar, commisioner 35 1730s komissar distriknyi - district commissioner 45 1766-68 komissar, zemskii - provincial commissioner 37 1741-44 kommisar' i polnomochnyi ministr - commissary and minister plenipotentiary (Swedish) 37 1741-44 komissary korolevskie - royal commissioners 18 16-17c komnatnaia devka - serving maid 26 1690s komnatnyi - gentleman-in-waiting. See also postel'nichii 24 komnatnyi boiarin - boyar of the throne room 24 komnatnyi boiarin - palace chamber boyar 21 17c komnatnyi okol'nichii - lord-in-waiting of the throne room 24 komnatnyi stol'nik - table attendant of throne room 24 konferents-sovetnik - conference councillor (Swedish) 45 1766-68 koniukh - groom 15 1606-10 koniushii - master of the horse 15 1606-10 koniushii boiarin - boyar and master of the horse 14 1598-1606 koniushii boiarin - boyar and master of the horse 14 1598-1606 konnogvardeiskie - horse guards - imperial guards regiment 48 1772-74 konnogvardiia - captain of horse guards 48 1772-74 konsul - consul 46 1768-70 kontr-admiral - rear admiral (IV) 46 1768-70 konuishii - stable master (master of the horse), equerry 45 1766-68 kopeishchik - lancer 26 1690s kopiist - copyist 48 1772-74 korennoi boiarin - indigenous boyar 06 1389-1425 kormil'shchik - prince's tutor 06 1389-1425 kormilets - guardian 03 12-13c kormlenshchik - official in the kormlenie system of administration 45 1766-68 kormnik - helmsman, leader of fishing guild, skipper 06 1389-1425 kormilitsa - wet nurse 13 1584-98 kornet - cornet (XIII) 46 1768-70 korol' - king 16 1613-34 koroleva - queen 38 1745-48 korolevich - prince (foreign) 16 1613-34 korolevna - royal princess 45 1766-68 koronnyi getman - crown hetman (Pol.) 14 1598-1606 koronnyi kantsler - crown chancellor 48 1772-74 koronnyi marshalok - crown marshal (Pol.) 15 1606-10 koronnyi poverennyi - crown agent (Pol.) 25 1680s koronnyi oboznyi - royal quartermaster 20 17c koronnyi stol'nik - crown table attendant 13 1584-98 koshevoi - commander-in-chief (cossack) 25 1680s koshevoi - field commander of the Zaporozhie Cossack Army 45 1766-68 koshevoi ataman - commanding hetman 46 1768-70 koshevyi ataman - field commander during hetmanate 20 17c kotel'nik - boiler maker 24 kozhevennik - tanner 16 1613-34 kravchii - royal carver, a court rank 37 1741-44 krechetnik - gerfalconer 14 1598-1606 krestovye popy - crossroad priests 48 1772-74 krestovyi d'iak - chaplain 13 1584-98 krikun - heckler 21 17c kronprints - crown prince 38 1745-48 krym-shevkal, heir apparent to Tarki 13 1584-98 ksendza - Catholic priest 26 1690s ktitor - prior, stroitel' 21 17c kukhmistr koronnyi - royal head chef 46 1768-70 kurennyi ataman - unit commander (cossack) 26 1690s kurfiurst - elector 16 1613-34 kurfiurstina - wife of elector, electress 46 1768-70 kvartermistr - quartermaster 38 1745-48 lackey - lakei 37 1741-44 lady-in-waiting - shtatsdama 37 1741-44 lady of the bedchamber - kameriungera 38 1745-48 lady of the bedchamber - postel'nitsa 13 1584-98 laity - miriane 18 16-17c lakei - lackey 37 1741-44 land agent - sadchik 25 1680s land surveyor - mezhevshchik 46 1768-70 landless peasant (Georgia) - khizhan 07 15c landmarshal - land marshal (Swedish) 45 1766-68 landowner-bishop - episkop-sobstvennin 18 16-17c landrat - district councillor 37 1741-44 landrikhter(y) - provincial judge, magistrate 37 1741-44 landsknekhty - landsknechts 24 landvoit - high bailiff 12 16c larechnye (larevoi)- officials in charge of gov. vodka, salt sales and tax collectors 37 1741-44 larechnye tseloval'niki - sworn fiscal assistants 25 1680s lava - assessor's court 12 16c lavnik - juror (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 lavnik - sworn official, court assessor 12 16c lavniki - jurors (cossack) 20 17c lay brother - belets 21 17c lay brother - sluzhka 24 lay official - uriadnik mirskii 18 16-17c layman - belets 21 17c laymen - mirskie liudi 16 1613-34 lazutchik - agent 15 1606-10 leader of fishing guild - kormnik, kormchii 06 1389-1425 leaders of the five wards (Novgorod) - piatikonetskie starosti 16 1613-34 leading military commanders - nachal'nye ratnye liudi 24 leading men - nachal'nye liudi 16 1613-34 leading merchants - gosti 16 1613-34 legat - (papal) legate 14 1598-1606 legatsion-rat - councillor-at-legation 38 1745-48 legkaia polevaia komanda - light field command 48 1772-74 legkii voevoda - roving commander 12 16c leibgvardiia - life guards 48 1772-74 leibmedik - personal physician 46 1768-70 leitenant flota - naval first lieutenant (IX) 35 1730s lekar' - apothecary 26 1690s lesser men - liudi, prostye liudi 06 1389-1425 lesser noble (Polish) - szliachcic 20 17c lesser people, folk - melkie liudi 15 1606-10 lesser princes - kniazhata 45 1766-68 levy - posokha 45 1766-68 lieutenant colonel - podpolkovnik (VII) 48 1772-74 lieutenant (cossack) - esaul (IX) 16 1613-34 lieutenant - poruchik (XI) 16 1613-34 lieutenant-captain - kapitan-poruchik (X) 48 1772-74 life guards - leibgvardiia 48 1772-74 light field command - legkaia polevaia komanda 48 1772-74 Lithuanian chancellor - litovskii kantsler 25 1680s Lithuanian officer - potsei 45 1766-68 Lithuanian table attendant - stol'nik litovskii 48 1772-74 litovskii kantsler - lithuanian chancellor 25 1680s little coat maker - shvechishko (derogatory) 21 17c liubimets - favorite 13 1584-98 liudi - lesser men 06 1389-1425 liudi - men 45 1766-68 liudi dvorovye - household serfs 35 1730s liudi guliashchie - itinerants, vagrants 35 1730s liudi i krest'iane - domestic servants and peasants 35 1730s liudi iasachnye - tribute-paying people 35 1730s liudi luchshei stat'i - men of high rank 35 1730s liudi mladshei stat'i - men of lower rank 35 1730s liudi nachal'nye - officers 35 1730s liudi prikaznye - crown, government officials 35 1730s liudi serednei stat'i - men of middle rank 35 1730s liudi sluzhilye - military servitors 35 1730s liuterany - Lutherans 18 16-17c local magistrate - gubnoi starosta 25 1680s local official - gubnyi tseloval'nik 14 1598-1606 local officials - gubnye tseloval'niki 14 1598-1606 local people - obyvateli 37 1741-44 local sworn officials - tseloval'niki na vere 25 1680s locum tenens - blustitel' 21 17c long-standing proprietory slaves - starinnye gospodskie liudi 15 1606-10 longtime resident - znakhar 12 16c lord - vlastel', vlastelin 06 1389-1425 lord (Polish) - pan 09 16c lord equerry of the crown - pan koniushii koronnyi 18 16-17c lord high chamberlain - ober-kamerger 45 1766-68 lord high marshal of the court - ober-gofmarshal 45 1766-68 lord high steward of the court - ober-gofmeistr 37 1741-44 lord high treasurer (England) - lord kaznachei 13 1584-98 lord kaznachei - lord high treasurer (England) 13 1584-98 lord lieutenant - namestnik 15 1606-10 lord lieutentant of the tsardoms of Kazan and Astrakhan (Boris Godunov) - namestnik tsarstv Kazanskogo i Astrakhanskogo 13 1584-98 lord mayor of London 14 1598-1606 lord-in-waiting - okolnichii 24 lordling - gospodarik 18 16-17c lords of the (Polish) council - pany radnye 15 1606-10 lords of the council - pany rada (Pol.) 14 1598-1606 lords of the council - pany radnye (Pol.) 11 16c lords presidents - gospoda prezidenty 48 1772-74 lovchii - hunter, huntsman 06 1389-1425 lovchii - warden 45 1766-68 luchshie liudi - good or best men 45 1766-68 Lutherans - liuterany 18 16-17c magician - volkhv 13 1584-98 magistr - master 26 1690s magistracy - magistrat 48 1772-74 magistrat - magistracy 48 1772-74 magnates - znatnaia shliakhta 20 17c magnates - vel'mozhi, velikie liudi 10 16c magnates' rank - vel'mozhnoe polozhenie 20 17c magus (plural magi) - volkhv(y) 03 12-13c Main Commissariat - glavnyi komissariat 48 1772-74 maior - major (VIII) 37 1741-44 maior gvardii - guards major (VIII) 37 1741-44 majesty - his (her) majesty 45 1766-68 major - maior (VIII) 37 1741-44 majordomo - dvoretskii 14 1598-1606 mal'chik - page 15 1606-10 mal'tiiskii kavaler' - knight of Malta 16 1613-34 malyi - novice (monastic) 14 1598-1606 malyi - servitor, underling, servant 21 17c mama - nurse 14 1598-1606 mamka - nurse 13 1584-98 manager - prikazchik 35 1730s margrave (markgraf) of Brandenburg, etc. Use lower case 45 1766-68 margrave of Brandenburg 08 15c margrave of Meissen 07 15c margravine - markgrafina 35 1730s market farmer - khalupnik 07 15c markgraf - margrave 38 1745-48 markgrafina - margravine 35 1730s marki - marquis (Fr. & Eng.). Use lower case 45 1766-68 marshal - predstatel' 25 1680s marshal - predvoditel' - elective nobiliary official 48 1772-74 marshal-in-chief (Sweden) - ober-marshal 38 1745-48 marshal nadvornyi koronnyi - lord high marshal of the court (Polish context) 45 1766-68 marshal of heralds - gerol'dmeister 38 1745-48 marshal of the court - ober-marshal 37 1741-44 marshal of the nobility - marshalok 15 1606-13 marshal (Swedish) - marshalok 16 1613-34 marshal koronnyi - crown marshal 46 1768-70 marshalok - marshal of the nobility (Pol.) 15 1606-13 marshalok - steward 26 1690s marshalok velikii koronnyi - lord high marshal (Polish) 45 1766-68 Master craftsmen - masterovye liudi 15 1606-10 master of ceremonies - master tseremonii 25 1680s master of ceremonies - obertseremoniimeister 38 1745-48 master of heraldry - geral'dmeister 48 1772-74 master of the horse - yaselnichii (cossack) 20 17c master of the janissaries - yanichar-aga 46 1768-70 master of the saddle - sedel'nichii 06 1389-1425 master tseremonii - master of ceremonies 25 1680s master korabel'nyi - skipper 16 1613-34 master silversmith - serebriannyi master 13 1584-98 masteritsa - craftswoman 24 masterovye liudi - master craftsmen 15 1606-10 mavna - governess 24 mayor, municipal official - gradskaia golova 48 1772-74 mayor - burmistr 29 18c mechnik - swordbearer 02 11-12c mechonosha - swordbearer 03 12-13c medic - fizikus 48 1772-74 medical officer - shtab-lekar' 48 1772-74 medik - medic, physician 48 1772-74 medvedchik - bear trainer 45 1766-68 meider - doctor 48 1772-74 mel'nik - miller 13 1584-98 melkie liudi - lesser people 15 1606-10 members of the community - mirskie liudi 21 17c members of the council - dumnye/blizhnye liudi 24 men - liudi 45 1766-68 men - muzhi 06 1389-1425 men of high rank - liudi luchshei stat'i 35 1730s men of lower rank - liudi mladshei stat'i 35 1730s men of middle rank - liudi serednei stat'i 35 1730s merchant of the second guild - vtoroi gil'dii kupets 48 1772-74 meshchanin - burgher (Pushkarev) 14 1598-1606 meshchanstvo - burghers 18 16-17c messenger (on foot) - khodok 37 1741-44 messenger - rassylshchik 35 1730s messenger - svedentsyi 12 16c messenger sergeant - ezdovoi serzhant 35 1730s messenger - gonets 16 1613-34 metropolitan - mitropolit 15 1606-13 metropolitan - vladyka (form of address) 46 1768-70 mezhevshchik - land surveyor 46 1768-70 mezhevyi sud'ia - boundary commissioner 17 1634-45 mezhigorskie chernetsy - monks of the Caves monastery 26 1690s miasnik - butcher 26 1690s michman - warrant officer, midshipman (XII­XIV) 35 1730s middleman - baryshnik 13 1584-98 military commander - Polish voyvode; Russian voevoda 48 1772-74 military Council (Danish) 48 1772-74 military governor - voevoda 24 military secretary - voiskovoi pisar' (cossack rank) 25 1680s military service landholder 24 military servitor - pomeshchik 24 miller - mel'nik 13 1584-98 minër - sapper 26 1690s mining engineer, master 45 1766-68 minstrel - skomorokh 14 1598-1606 mint master - denezhnyi master 21 17c miriane - laity 18 16-17c mirovoi sudi - justice of the peace 45 1766-68 mirskie liudi - laymen 16 1613-34 mirskie liudi - members of the commune/community 26 1690s mitropolit - metropolitan 15 1606-13 molodchii - younger; in social connotation man of inferior status 45 1766-68 molodozhnik - wedding apparel maker 45 1766-68 Mongol commander-in-chief - temnik 04 13-14c monk - chernets, starets, monakh 24 Moscow noble - moskovskii dvorianin 45 1766-68 moskovskii dvorianin - Moscow noble 45 1766-68 most eminent people - bol'shie liudi 16 1613-34 most illustrious - naiiasneishii 18 16-17c mufti - Islamic jurist 48 17-18c mulla - mullah (Islamic legal expert) 13 1584-98 mullah - abyz 21 17c mundshenskii pomoshchnik - table-waiter 38 1745-48 municipal council 48 1772-74 murza - Tatar noble 16 1613-34 murzas - Tatar nobles 14 1598-1606 musketeers - pishchal'niki 45 1766-68 musketeers - streltsy 16 1613-34 muzhi - men 06 1389-1425 mytnik - toll collector 01 9-11c na vere (tseloval'niki) - sworn officials 25 1680s naborshchik - typesetter 18 16-17c nachal'nik - chief, director or supervisor 24 nachal'nye liudi - civic officials 20 17c nachal'nye liudi - officers (military) 21 17c nachal'nye ratnye liudi - leading military commanders 24 nachal'nye liudi - leading men, civic leaders 16 1613-34 nachal'nyi polkovoi poruchik - lieutenant colonel 17 1634-45 nadsmotrishchik - supervisor, inspector 37 1741-44 nadvornyi kantsler - court chancellor 38 1745-48 nadvornyi sovetnik - court councillor (VII) 48 1772-74 Nadziratel' - supervisor 37 1741-44 naiiasneishii - most illustrious 18 16-17c naimit - hireling 01 9-11c nakaznoi - acting 35 1730s nakaznoi getman - acting hetman 26 1690s namestnik - lord lieutenant, governor, governor general 15 1606-10 namestnik - lord lieutenant, vicegerent 15 1606-10 namestnik (ecclesiastical rank) - vicar 21 17c namestnik tsarstv Kazanskogo i Astrakhanskogo - lord lieutenant of the tsardoms of Kazan and Astrakhan (Boris Godunov) 13 1584-98 nariadnik - artilleryman 17 1634-45 nariadnyi voevoda - artillery commander 45 1766-68 narochnyi - special courier 38 1745-48 naslednyi prints - hereditary prince 46 1768-70 nastoiatel' - father superior 45 1766-68 nastoiatel' - rector of a church, prior 06 1389-1425 national council - natsional'nyi sovet 48 1772-74 national gathering - stechenie narodnoe 16 1613-34 natsional'nyi sovet - national council 48 1772-74 nechai-tsarevich - the "Despair" tsarevich 21 17c nedel'shchik - constable 12 16c nedel'shchik - hired man 26 1690s nedorosl' - youth; underaged servitor; son of a servitor 35 1730s nepokhozhnye liudi - peasants attached to noble's estate 45 1766-68 nevol'nik - slave 45 1766-68 newcomer (into prince's service) - prishelets 06 1389-1425 newly inducted boyar - vvedennyi boiarin 08 15c nishchenskii - beggar 21 17c nizhnee dukhovenstvo - parish clergy 26 1690s nobility - znat' 24 nobleman - dvorianin 15 1606-10 nobles - dvoriane 16 1613-34 notaries public - ploshchadny podiachie 24 notary - pisar' (Lith.) 14 1598-1606 novice (monastery) - belets, mal'chik 45 1766-68 nuntsii - (papal) nuncio 14 1598-1606 nuntsii - (papal) nuncio 15 1606-10 nureddin - title of Tatar prince 20 17c nurse - mama, baba striapchaia 14 1598-1606 nurse - mamka 13 1584-98 ober-direktor - chief director; superintendent 35 1730s ober-egermeister - grand master of the hunt 35 1730s ober-fiskal - senior, chief inspector. See also fiskal 37 1741-44 ober-gofmarshal - lord high marshal of the court 45 1766-68 ober-gofmeistr - lord high steward of the court 37 1741-44 ober-inspektor - chief inspector 37 1741-44 ober-kamerger - lord high chamberlain 45 1766-68 ober-komandant - chief commander; senior commander 37 1741-44 ober-komissar - chief commissioner 45 1766-68 ober-landrikhter - chief provincial judge 37 1741-44 ober-leib-medik, crown surgeon 45 1766-68 ober-marhsal - marshal-in-chief (Sweden) 38 1745-48 ober-marshal - marshal of the court 37 1741-44 ober-offitser - commissioned officer; company grade officer (18c) 37 1741-44 ober-politseimeister - chief of gendarmes 37 1741-44 ober-prezident - high president 37 1741-44 ober-prokurator - high procurator 35 1730s ober-prokuror (Holy Synod) - chief procurator 37 1741-44 ober-prokuror - attorney general. Use chief procurator 45 1766-68 ober-sekretar (senate) - senior secretary 45 1766-68 ober-shtalmeister - grand master of horse 35 1730s ober-tseremoniimeister - master of ceremonies 38 1745-48 oberegatel' - guardian 25 1680s oberpolitseimeister - chief of gendarmes 38 1745-48 obiezzhi - (mounted) guard, overseer 37 1741-44 obozny - quartermaster (cossack) 20 17c obrochnik - auxiliary soldier 15 1606-10 obrochniki - rent collectors 16 1613-34 obrochnyi krest'ianin - quitrent-paying peasant 26 1690s obydenki - day laborers 37 1741-44 obyvatel' - inhabitant, plural "local people" 37 1741-44 odernovatyi - bound serf 06 1389-1425 odnodvorets - single homestead owner; free homesteader 35 1730s oeconomus (monastic steward) 03 12-13c officer (military) - starshina 15 1606-10 officers - liudi nachal'nye 35 1730s officials - putnye 08 15c officials attached to archbishop - arkhiereiskie prikaznye liudi 14 1598-1606 officials of foreign chancellery - posol'skogo prikaza liudi 14 1598-1606 officials of the foreign chancellery - posol'skogo prikaza liudi 14 1598-1606 ofitser dlia rasporiazheniia pochtoiu - communications officer 37 1741-44 ognishchanin - hearthman 01 9-11c okhochye liudi - volunteers 15 1606-10 okhotnik - volunteer 13 1584-98 okhotnik-kupets - entrepreneur 38 1745-48 okladchik - tax assessor 24 okolnichii - lord-in-waiting 24 olovianishnik - tinsmith 21 17c opal'nyi - disgraced person 06 1389-1425 oprichnik - crown servitor 13 1584-98 ordyntsy - same as deliui, only ransomed from Tatars 06 1389-1425 oruzheinichii - armorer, official in charge of making/storing weapons 45 1766-68 oruzhnichii - armorer 13 1584-98 osadnaia golova - governor's assistant 25 1680s osadnye liudi - garrison 20 17c osadnyi voevoda - siege commander 16 1613-34 osiflian - Josephan 13 1584-98 osmenik - tax collector 02 12c osnach, osnastchik - member of boat's crew 06 1389-1425 osoblivyi pristav - district commander 48 1772-74 osochnik - beater 12 16c osviashchennyi chin - consecrated estate 16 1613-34 otaman. Use ataman 20 17c otchich - hereditary serf (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 otchichi - those who claimed and inherited patrimonies 07 15c otets dukhovnyi - confessor 03 12c otkazchik - recruiter 12 16c otkupshchik - franchise holder 26 1690s otkupshchik - tax farmer (Ukr.) 26 1690s otkupshchik dani - tax farmer (Tatar) 04 13-14c otrok - servitor, servant, page 02 12c outlaws (cossack) - vol'nitsa 21 17c ovchinnik - sheepskin vendor 16 1613-34 overseer - bliustitel' 45 1766-68 pacholiki (polish or lithuanian) squires 15 1606-10 padishah - title of turkish sultan 46 1768-70 page - mal'chik 15 1606-10 pakholiki - squires (Polish) 16 1613-34 pakhotnyi krest'ian - farming peasant 48 1772-74 palace bodyguards - ryndy 25 1680s palace chamber boyar - komnatnyi boiarin 21 17c palatine - dvorskii (majordomo) 06 1389-1425 palatine - palatyn (Polish title) 03 12-13c palatnik - councillor (Ger.) 14 1598-1606 palatnik - member of town council 12 16c palatnye liudi - courtiers 26 1690s palatyn (Polish title) - palatyn 03 12-13c pan - lord (Polish) 09 16c pan koniushii koronnyi - lord equerry of the crown 18 16-17c pan(y) - (land)lord (West Russia, Poland) 45 1766-68 pantsyrnyi boiarin - armor-clad boyar 12 16c pany - Polish noblemen 11 16c pany rada - lords of the council (Pol.) 14 1598-1606 papa - the Pope 04 13-14c papal chamberlain - podkomorii 18 16-17c papal internuncio - internuntsii 45 1766-68 papal legate - legat 14 1598-1606 papal legate - papskii legat 13 1584-98 papal legate - posol papskii 11 16c papal nuncio - nuntsii, posol papskii 14 1598-1606 papal nuncio - papskii nuntsii 13 1584-98 papezhnik - papist 18 16-17c papist - papezhnik 18 16-17c papskii legat - papal legate 13 1584-98 papskii nuntsii - papal nuncio 13 1584-98 pardusnik - hunter of predatory animals 06 1389-1425 parish clerk - tserkovnyi d'iachok 18 16-17c parish priests - belye sviashchenniki 16 1613-34 parobok - young servant 08 15c parubok - boy (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 pasha - Turkish official 48 17-18c pashennye muzhiki - plowmen 13 1584-98 patriarch - patriarkh 15 1606-10 patriarchal exarch - ekzarkh patriarshii 18 16-17c patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox church 24 18c patriarkh - patriarch 15 1606-10 patriarkh pressburskii - patriarch of Pressburg 26 1690s patriarkh vselenskii - ecumenical patriarch 13 1584-98 peasant (Pol., W. Russ.) - kmet 45 1766-68 peasant - krest'ianin; state - gosudarstvenntyi; economic - ekonomicheskii; industrial - pripisnyi k zavodu; peasants attached to noble's estate - nepokhozhnye liudi 45 1766-68 pechatnik - keeper of state seal or chancellor 45 1766-68 people of various ranks - raznochintsy 35 1730s peredovshchik - foreman 45 1766-68 perekhozhie liudi - transients 18 16-17c perevetnik - infomer, perjurer 06 1389-1425 perevodchik - translator 16 1613-34 perjurer - perevetnik 06 1389-1425 permanent council - postoiannyi sovet 48 1772-74 persons of various ranks - raznykh chinov liudei 48 1772-74 pervosovetnik - senior member or first councillor 45 1766-68 pervostateinyi kupets - first-guild merchant 48 1772-74 pervyi ministr - first minister 26 1690s pervyi voevoda - senior governor 13 1584-98 peshtsy - foot soldiers, poor peasants 06 1389-1425 petty landowner - zemets 12 16c pevchii - chorister 26 1690s pevchii d'iak - choir cleric, cantor 12 16c pfal'tskii - count palatine 16 1613-34 physician - fizikus, medik 48 1772-74 piatidesiatnik - commander of half-company 14 1598-1606 piatidesiatnik - sergeant (musketeers) 26 1690s piatidesiatnik - sergeant 25 1680s piatidesiatniki - sergeants 25 1680s piatidesiatskii - fiftyman 12 16c piatidesiatskii - police lieutenant; platoon leader 24 piatikonetskie starosti - leaders of the five wards (novgorod) 16 1613-34 piatisotnyi - brigadier (musketeers) 25 1680s pikiner - lancer 45 1766-68 pilgrim - bogomolets 15 1606-10 pilot - vozh 21 17c pis'mennyi golova - adjutant 21 17c pis'mennyi golova - military clerk 12 16c pisar' - high notary (Lithuania) 14 1598-1606 pisar' - secretary, scribe 25 1680s pisar' - secretary (in the Ukrainian Cossack army), scribe 45 1766-68 pishchal'niki - musketeers 45 1766-68 pitch maker - budnik 21 17c pleban - secular clergyman 26 1690s pledgeman - zakladnik 01 9-11c plenipotentiaries - upolnomochennye 16 1613-34 plenipotentiary - polnomochnyi, poverennyi 15 1606-10 ploshchadnye podiachie - notaries public 24 ploshchadnye stolniki - table attendants of the portico; one of two ranks of stolniki. See also domnatnye 24 ploshchadnyi pischik - notary public, marketplace scribe 12 16c plowman - pakhotnyi krest'ianin 48 1772-74 plowman (pakhotnyi) 48 1772-74 plowmen - pashennye muzhiki 13 1584-98 pod'iachii - clerk, underclerk, undersecretary, scrivener (context) 15 1606-13 pod'iachii s pripis'iu - clerk for signing papers 26 1690s pod'iachii, molodoi - junior clerk 24 pod'iachii, staryi - senior clerk 24 pod"ezdnoi - adjutant (of prince) 06 1389-1425 podatnye liudi - tax payers 26 1690s podchashii - under cupbearer 45 1766-68 podiachie neverstannye - unenrolled (crown) clerks, scribes 24 podiakon - subdeacon 24 podkantseliarist - junior clerk 35 1730s podkantsler - assistant chancellor (Pol.) 38 1745-48 podkelar' - sub-cellarer 06 1389-1425 podkomorii - papal chamberlain 18 16-17c podkomorii - property magistrate (in old Poland and Lithuania) 45 1766-68 podpolkovnik - lieutenant colonel (VII) 48 1772-74 podporuchnik - second lieutenant (XII) 37 1741-44 podpraporshchik - subaltern (1650s) 24 podriadchik - contractor 26 1690s podrotmeistr - assistant wagon master (military) 17 1634-45 podskarbii - crown treasurer (Polish) 45 1766-68 podskarbii - treasurer (cossack) 20 17c podskarbii koronnii - crown treasurer 25 1680s podskarbii litovskii - crown treasurer of Lithuania 13 1584-98 podstarosta - steward (Pol.) 26 1690s podstarosta - sub-prefect 45 1766-68 podsudok - assistant magistrate 12 16c podvodchik - wagoner 26 1690s podvoiski - constable 45 1766-68 podvoiski - usher, serjeant 45 1766-68 podvoiskie - legal agents who summoned people to court 07 15c podymochnik - hearth tax collector 17 1634-45 pokhozhie liudi - free peasants, able to move between districts 45 1766-68 pokladnik - gentleman of the bedchanmber 02 11-12c pokoevoi dvorianin (Pol.)- chamberlain, gentleman of the chamber 26 1690s polevoi polkovnik (cossack rank) - field colonel 25 1680s police constable - gendarme constable 48 1772-74 police officers - zemskie liudi 16 1613-34 Polish magnates - velmozhi 11 16c politseimeister. See general politseimeister, ober-politseimeister 37 1741-44 politseiskii starosta - gendarme constable 48 1772-74 polkovnik - colonel (of new-style regiments); golova of muskeeters; equivalent of regimental commander (VI) 24 polkovnyi nabatnik - regimental drummer 17 1634-45 polkovoi voevoda - colonel 45 1766-68 polnomochnyi - plenipotentiary 15 1606-10 polovinshchik - co-owner of property 24 polugolova - battalion commander (of musketeers); equals major in new style regiments (1640s ff) 24 polupolkovnik - lieutenant colonel 24 pomershchik - assayer or measurement official 12 16c pomeshchik - military servitor, landholder, service tenure holder 24 pomeshchitsa - wife of service tenure holder 24 ponomar' - sexton, reader 14 1598-1606 poor peasants - peshtsy 06 1389-1425 pop krestovoi - priest attached to bishop's or private household 37 1741-44 pop-starets - priest-monk (Old Believer) 37 1741-44 popad'ia - priest's wife 13 1584-98 Pope, the 15 16c popovich - priest's son 16 1613-34 popovskie desiatskie - sub-parish priests 14 1598-1606 popovskoi starosta - senior priest supervising several parishes 37 1741-44 poriadchik - contractor 37 1741-44 portnoi - tailor 18 16-17c poruchik - lieutenant (XI) 24 17c posadnik (appointed) - burgrave 02 12c posadnik (elected) - mayor 45 1766-68 posadnitsa - mayoress (wife of a mayor) 45 1766-68 posadskie liudi - (tax paying) townsmen 24 posadskii chelovek - (tax paying) townsman, dweller 24 posel'skii - manager of a rural district 12 16c poslannik - ambassador 46 1768-70 poslannik - emissary, envoy 15 1606-10 poslukh - character witness 12 16c posly povetovye - district deputies (to Polish Sejm) 13 1584-98 posly zemskie - land envoys 12 16c posokha - levy, auxiliary troops 45 1766-68 posol - ambassador 15 1606-10 posol papskii - papal nuncio, legate 14 1598-1606 posol'skii d'iak - crown secretary of foreign affairs 15 1606-10 posol'skogo prikaza liudi - officials of foreign chancellery 14 1598-1606 posolskii dumnyi diak - crown secretary of diplomatic affairs 24 pososhnye liudi - tax-paying peasants 12 16c pospol'stvo - commoners, citizens at large 12 16c postal agent - iamskoi prikashchik 25 1680s postal agent - iamshchik 38 1745-48 postal couriers - iamskie okhotniki 15 1606-10 postel'nichii - gentleman of the bedchamber 13 1584-98 postel'nik - chamberlain 06 1389-1425 postel'nitsa - lady of the bedchamber 13 1584-98 postoiannyi sovet - permanent council 48 1772-74 posul'nik - briber 06 1389-1425 posylshchik - chancellery agent 35 1730s poteshnye koniukhi - stableboy playmates 26 1690s potsei - lithuanian officer 45 1766-68 potter - gornechnik 24 povar - cook, chef 37 1741-44 poverennyi - agent, delegate, trustee, plenipotentiary 15 1606-10 poverennyi v delakh - chargé d'affaires 46 1768-70 pozemshchik - quitrent-paying tenant 07 15c praporshchik - ensign 48 1772-74 pravetchik - bailiff 24 pravetchik - exactor 12 16c pravitel' - governor (Swedish), ruler 16 1613-34 pravitel'stvennoe litso - administrative officer 13 1584-98 preacher - propovednik 48 1772-74 precentor - ustavnik, ustavshchik 17 1634-45 predmeshchanin - someone from the provinces 18 16-17c predstatel' - marshal 25 1680s predvoditel' - marshal, elective nobiliary official 48 1772-74 prefect (W. Russ.) - derzhavtsa 45 1766-68 prefect - starosta 03 12-13c prefect - voit 20 17c prem'er-maior - first major (VIII) 48 1772-74 Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment 48 1772-74 presbyter - prezviter 18 16-17c president - prezident 48 1772-74 President of the Main Magistracy - prezident glavnogo magistrata 48 1772-74 prezident - president 48 1772-74 prezident glavnogo magistrata - president of the Chief Magistracy 48 1772-74 prezviter - presbyter 18 16-17c pribory takogo-to golovy - contract recruits under a certain commander 12 16c pribylshchik - profiteer 45 1766-68 prichetnik - minor cleric 12 16c prichetnik - psalm reader 06 1389-1425 pridel'nyi popdiakon - deacon on bishop's staff 24 pridvernik - sergeant-at-arms 06 1389-1425 pridvornye liudi - household servants 15 1606-10 priest's son - popovich 16 1613-34 priest's wife - popad'ia 13 1584-98 priestly charater witness - storonnyi sviashchennik 21 17c priezzhie liudi - visiting townsmen 16 1613-34 prikashchik - chancellery official 14 1598-1606 prikashchik - company clerk (Muscovy Company) 13 1584-98 prikashchik - manager 12 16c prikazchik - chancellery official 12 16c prikazchik - manager, steward 35 1730s prikaznoi - director of bishop's chancellery 25 1680s prikaznoi pristav - chancellery warden 25 1680s prikaznoi storozh - guard posted in administrative office 24 prikaznye - clerks 35 1730s prikaznye liudi - chancellery officials 15 1606-13 prikazov pod'iache - crown clerk 14 1598-1606 primas - primate (Catholic) 16 1613-34 primate (Catholic) - primas 16 1613-34 prince (foreign) - korolevich 16 1613-34 prince - kniaz' 16 1613-34 prince-bishop - kniaz'-biskup 18 16-17c prince's tutor - kormil'shchik 06 1389-1425 princely grace - kniazheskaia milost' 16 1613-34 principal boyars - verkhovaia boirainia 24 prints - prince 46 1768-70 prior - ktitor, stroitel' 21 17c prior - nastoiatel' 06 1389-1425 pripisnye krest'iane - assigned peasants 48 1772-74 pripisnyi k zavodu (krest'iane) - industrial peasants 48 1772-74 prishelets - newcomer (into prince's service) 06 1389-1425 prisiazhnik - vassal 13 1584-98 prison warder - tiuremnyi 24 prison watchguard - tiuremnyi storozh 24 prisoner sentenced to hard labor - katorzhnik 46 1768-70 prispeshnik - scullery servant 21 17c pristav - bailiff; official escort on trips, usually of foreigners 45 17c pristavnik - agent 14 1598-1606 pristavnik - bailiff, agent 01 9-11c prisyl'shchik - emissary 21 17c privy boyar - vvedennyi boiarin 06 1389-1425 privy boyars - boyars of the throne room (blizhnye boiare) 24 privy cabinet secretary - tainyi kabinet-sekretar' 37 1741-44 privy commander - blizhnii voevoda 13 1584-98 privy councillors - blizhnie liudi. See tainyi sovetnik 48 1772-74 privy secretary - d'iak vvedennyi 06 1389-1425 privy table attendant - blizhnii stol'nik 25 1680s privy counicllor - blizhnyi chelovek 16 1613-34 privy lords-in-waiting - blizhnye okolnichie 24 procurator - prokurator 18 16-17c procurator general - general-prokuror 48 1745-48 procurator general of the senate 48 1772-74 professed brotherhood/brothers - riadovaia bratiia 21 17c professional soldier - zholner 45 1766-68 profiteer - pribylshchik 45 1766-68 profost - provost 17 1634-45 prokurator, prokuror - procurator general 48 1772-74 prokuraty - persons living under ecclesiastical administration 06 1389-1425 prokuror - magistrate 35 1730s prokuror - procurator 18 16-17c promyshlenniki - businessmen, enterprisers, traders 45 1766-68 promyshlennye liudi - entrepreneurs 26 1690s proofreader - spravshchik 25 1680s propovednik - preacher 45 1766-68 prosfirnia, proskuritsa, prosvira - prosphora (communion bread baker) 12 16c prosphora (communion bread) baker - prosfirnia, proskuritsa, prosvira 12 16c prostye liudi - lesser men 06 1389-1425 prosvirnik - sacristan 24 protodiakon - archdeacon 24 protokolist - clerk who keeps minutes, stenographer 37 1741-44 protopop - archpriest 16 1613-34 protosingel - special patrarchal emissary 18 16-17c proveditor - governor (Venice) 46 1768-70 provincial commissioners - zemskie komissary 29 18c provincial governor - provintsial'nyi voevoda 37 1741-44 provincial judges - landrikhtery 29 18c provincial secretary - provintsial'nyi sekretar' (XIII) 37 1741-44 Provincial servitors - dvoriane gorodovye 14 1598-1606 provincial - iz gorodov 16 1613-34 Provintsial'nyi sekretar' - provincial secretary (XIII) 37 1741-44 Provintsial'nyi voevoda - provincial governor 37 1741-44 provozhatyi - guide 13 1584-98 Prussia, grand master of 08 15c psalm reader - prichetnik 06 1389-1425 psalmist - diachok 24 psalmist - psalomshchik 21 17c psalomshchik - psalmist, sexton 21 17c psari - huntsmen 06 1389-1425 pudovshchiki veshchego - weighing agents 12 16c pushkar - cannoneer, artilleryman, gunner; also inhabitant of Pushkarskaia Sloboda (Moscow) 24 pushkarskaia golova - artillery commander 25 1680s pustynnik - anchorite 06 1389-1425 Putivl cossacks 11 16c putnye - officials 08 15c putnyi boiarin - administrative boyar 06 1389-1425 putnyi kliuchnik - administrative steward 12 16c pysar viiskovyi - secretary (cossack) 20 17c quality controller - brakovshchik 37 1741-44 quartermaster - kvartermistr 38 1745-48 quartermaster - oboznyi (cossack) 20 17c quartermaster general - general-fel'dtseikhmeister 48 1772-74 quartermaster sergeant - kantenarmus 38 1745-48 quitrent-paying tenant - pozemshchik 07 15c raba - female slave 15 1606-10 rabotnik - bonded laborer 21 17c raiders - ushkuiniki 06 1389-1425 raitsy - regional administrators 20 17c rank-and-file (adj.) - riadovye 25 1680s rank-and-file (noun) - chern' 20 17c raspop - former priest 45 1766-68 rasstriga - renegade monk (caps for False Dmitry) 15 1606-10 rassylshchik - messenger, dispatcher 35 1730s ratmann (German) - alderman 14 1598-1606 ratnye liudi - soldiers 14 1598-1606 raznochintsy - people of various ranks 35 1730s raznykh chinov liudi - persons of various ranks 48 1772-74 razriadnyi d'iak 12 16c reader (church) - diachok, ponomar 24 rear admiral - kontr-admiral (IV) 46 1768-70 rector (Moscow Academy) - bliustitel' 45 1766-68 rector of a church - nastoiatel' 06 1389-1425 reestrovye kozaki - registered cossacks 18 16-17c reeve - tiun 03 12-13c reeve - voit (German title) 03 12-13c refectory steward - trapeznik 06 1389-1425 referendarz - referendary, official ranking below the grand secretary 20 17c reformer, the (caps when referring to Peter the Great) 45 1766-68 regent - vlastel' 13 1584-98 regiment-shul'tsen - provost 17 1634-45 regimental captain - sotennyi golova 20 17c regimental commander of Khazar army - tarkhan 24 regimentar koronnyi - royal regimentarian (Polish) 45 1766-68 regional administrators - raitsy 20 17c regional secretary - gubernskii sekretar' (XI) 37 1741-44 registered cossacks - reestrovye kozaki 18 16-17c registrar - registrator 48 1772-74 registrator - registrar 48 1772-74 reis-effendi - foreign minister (Turkish) 37 1741-44 reitar - cavalry soldier, heavy cavalryman 24 reitarskie liudi - cavalrymen 24 reketmeistr - master of petitions 45 1766-68 remonter - remount officer 45 1766-68 renegade monk - rasstriga 15 1606-10 rent collectors - obrochniki 16 1613-34 reshetochnyi prikazchik - street patrol guard, street warden 12 16c resident (ambassador) - rezident 37 1741-44 resident noble - zhilets 21 17c residents of the capital - zhil'tsy 16 1613-34 retainer - druzhinnik 01 9-11 revenue collectors - denezhnye sborshchiki 24 rezident (Russ.) - diplomat, resident 25 1680s rezident - resident (ambassador) 37 1741-44 riadovaia bratiia - professed brotherhood/brothers 21 17c riadovye - rank-and-file (adj.) 25 1680s rimskii tsesar - Holy Roman emperor 16 1613-34 ringleader - zabrodchik, zavodchik 21 17c river pirate -ushkuinik 24 rizhnichii - sacristan 24 rotmeistr - wagon master (military) 17 1634-45 rotmistr - cavalry captain (IX) 24 rotnyi zaimshchik - recruiting sergeant 17 1634-45 royal privy council - tainyi sovet korolevskii (Pol.) 48 1772-74 royal quartermaster - koronnyi obozny 20 17c royal carver - kravchii 16 1613-34 royal commissioners - komissary korolevskie 18 16-17c royal secretary - sekretar' korolevskii 18 16-17c royal senator - senator korolevskii 18 16-17c rural district resident - voloshchanin 12 16c ruzhnik - artilleryman, armorer 15 1606-10 ruzhnyi starosta - artillery captain 18 16-17c ruzhnyi sviashchennik - stipendiary priest, emolument priest 12 16c rybolov - fisherman 45 1766-68 ryndy - palace bodyguards 25 1680s rytsarstvo - gentry, squires (Swedish context) 26 1690s sable handler - sobol'nik 13 1584-98 sacristan - kliuchar, prosvirnik, rizhnichii 24 sadchik - bailiff responsible for conscripting/settling immigrants, land agent 25 1680s saddlemaker - sedel'nik 06 1389-1425 sadovnik - gardener, vine dresser 06 1389-1425 sales clerk - sidelets 37 1741-44 salesman - verkoper 12 16c saltan, Siberian 11 16c samoderzhitsa - autocrat (feminine form) 26 1690s san dukhovnyi - holy orders 15 1606-10 sanjak - ruler of subdistrict (Turkish) 25 1680s sanovnik - dignitary 13 1584-98 sapozhnik - cobbler 18 16-17c sborshchik iasaka - fur tribute gatherer 14 1598-1606 sborshchiki - tax collectors 16 1613-34 scale attendant - vesovshchik 06 1389-1425 schema nun (female equivalent of starets) - staritsa 21 17c schismatic - skhizmatik 18 16-17c school teacher - shkol'nyi uchitel' 15 1606-10 schul - overseer of village (German law) 45 1766-68 scribe - pisar', d'iachok 48 1772-74 scullery servant - prispeshnik 21 17c seamstress - shveia 24 searcher - vyimshchik 37 1741-44 second lieutenant - podporuchik 37 1741-44 second lieutenant (cossack) - esaulishka 21 17c secretary (cossack) - pysar viiskovyi 20 17c secretary - sekretar', pisar' 48 1772-74 secretary to tsar - tsarskii d'iak 15 1606-10 secretary, scribe - pisar' 25 1680s secular clergy - sviashchenniki 16 1613-34 sedel'nichii - aide 04 13-14c sedel'nichii - master of the saddle 06 1389-1425 sedel'nik - saddlemaker 06 1389-1425 sekretar ekspeditsii - executive secretary; chief secretary of an office/bureau 37 1741-44 sekretar' - secretary 48 1772-74 sekretar' korolevskii - royal secretary 18 16-17c sekund-maior - second major (VIII) 46 1768-70 select Moscow gentry - dvoriane moskovskie 14 1598-1606 select provincial gentry - dvoriane vybornye 14 1598-1606 select provincial gentry - vybornye iz gorodov dvoriane 16 1613-34 selitrenik - saltpeter worker 26 1690s senator (Polish) 15 1606-10 senator korolevskii - royal senator 18 16-17c senators - senatory 16 1613-34 senior clerk - starshii kantselarist 25 1680s senior governor - pervyi voevoda 13 1584-98 senior people - velikie liudi 16 1613-34 sentinel - vorotnoi storozh 24 sentry - storozha, voronoi storozh 15 1606-10 seraskir (Turkish rank) - commander-in- chief, war minister 48 1772-74 serdar - military commander 46 1768-70 serdechnik(i) - people who remove hearts from corpses 45 1766-68 serdiuki - infantry (cossack) 26 1690s serebriannyi master - master silversmith 13 1584-98 sergeant - piatidesiatnik 25 1680s sergeant - sotnik 21 17c sergeant - sotskii 16 1613-34 sergeant-at-arms - pridvernik 06 1389-1425 sergeants - piatidesiatniki 25 1680s Servant - Sluga (special title for Boris Godunov) 13 1584-98 servant, servitor - malyi 21 17c servant girl - sluzhanka 15 1606-13 service foreigners 24 service gentry - dvoriane 24 service gentry of Moscow - dvoriane moskovskie 24 service gentry of the council (dumnye dvoriane) 24 service nobility - dvorianstvo 13 1584-98 service tenure holder - pomeshchik 24 servicemen - sluzhilye liudi 15 1606-10 servitor - dvorianin 25 1680s servitor - otrok 04 13-14c serzhant - sergeant (guards) 26 1690s settlement elder - slobodchik 24 sexton - ekklesiarkh (ekusiarkh) 37 1741-44 sexton - ponomar' 14 1598-1606 sexton - psalomshchik 21 17c shafer - steward (Pol. Magdeburg Law) 12 16c shah - shakh 16 1613-34 shah-zadeh - sovereign's son (Persian and Turkic) 45 1766-68 shamans - arbui chudskie 12 16c sharecropper - izornik 45 1766-68 shautbenakht - rear admiral 26 1690s shavkal 26 1690s sheepskin vendor - ovchinnik 16 1613-34 shevkal, ruler of Tarki 13 1584-98 shkol'nyi uchitel' - schoolteacher 15 1606-10 shliakhta (Pol. szlachta) - Polish gentry 16 1613-34 shliakhta (szlachta) - gentry (Polish) 16 1613-34 shliakhtich (Polish) - squire 26 1690 shpion - spy 18 16-17c shtab-lekar - medical officer, staff doctor 48 1772-74 shtab-ofitser - field officer; field grade officer 37 1741-44 shtad'gal'ter - stadholder (Netherlands) 16 1613-34 shtadt-fizikus - city medical officer 37 1741-44 shtatgal'ter - staatsalter (Danish) 45 1766-68 shtatsdama - lady-in-waiting 37 1741-44 shturman - helmsman 48 1772-74 shtyk-iunker - master sergeant 35 1730s shut - jester, veselyi chelovek 15 1606-10 shvechishko - little coat maker (derogatory) 21 17c shveia - seamstress 24 siabr - co-owner, member of rural cooperative land association 45 1766-68 sidelets - sales clerk 37 1741-44 siege commander - osadnyi voevoda 16 1613-34 single homestead owner - odnodvorets 35 1730s siroty - orphans; form of address used in petitions by urban lower classes and peasants when referring to themselves 37 1741-44 skhizmatik - schismatic 18 16-17c skhodnik - informant 15 1606-10 skilled men - iskusnye liudi 12 16c skipper - kormnik, kormchii 06 1389-1425 skipper - master korabel'nyi 16 1613-34 skladnik - sharer in economic undertaking 07 15c skomorokh - minstrel 14 1598-1606 skupshchik - hired man 13 1584-98 sladeniki - cooperative exporters pooling goods to an agent for trade with China 37 1741-44 slave - kholop (female raba), nevol'nik 15 1606-10 slaves under contract - kabal'nye kholopy 45 1766-68 sledovatel' - investigator 13 1584-98 slobodchik - settlement elder 24 slobodskoi (prikashchik) - chief official 25 1680s slobodskoi namestnik - settlement governor 12 16c sluga - servitor, a court rank 45 1766-68 Sluga - Servant (special title for Boris Godunov) 13 1584-98 sluga putnyi - administrative servitor 12 16c slugi pod dvorskim - servitors under majordomo 06 1389-1425 slugi vol'nye - free servitors 06 1389-1425 sluzhanka - servant girl 15 1606-10 sluzhilye liudi - servicemen, contract servitors 15 1606-10 sluzhilye liudi - state servitors 12 16c sluzhka - attendant 12 16c sluzhka - lay brother 24 smerd - peasant, commoner (context) 01 9-11c snuznik - horseman 06 1389-1425 sobornye startsy - synodal elders 16 1613-34 social group, estate (W. Russ) - stan 45 1766-68 soderzhatel' - keeper, holder 45 1766-68 sokol'nik - falconer 14 1598-1606 sokolnichii - master of the falcons (court rank) 45 1766-68 sokolnik - falconer 26 1690s soldat - infantry soldier 24 soldat godovoi - annual contract infantryman 26 1690s soldat gorodovoi - town/garrison infantryman 26 1690s soldaty - soldiers, infantry 45 1766-68 soldier (in new regiments) - zheldak 24 soldiers - ratnye liudi 14 1598-1606 someone from the provinces - predmeshchanin 18 16-17c son of a servitor - nedorosl' 35 1730s sorcerer - vedun 13 1584-98 sosed - boarder 24 sotennye starshiny - cossack army elders 45 1766-68 sotennyi golova - regimental captain 20 17c sotnik (civilian) - hundredman 15 1606-10 sotnik - company commander 14 1598-1606 sotnik streletskii - captain of musketeers 14 1598-1606 sotnik(military) - sergeant, captain, company commander (context) 15 1606-10 sotskii - captain 21 17c sotskii - hundredman (civilian) 15 1606-13 sotskii - police captain 24 sotskii starosta - elected local offical 45 1766-68 sovereign - gosudar' 15 1606-10 sovereign duke - vladetel'nyi gertsog 37 1741-44 sovetnik iustitskii - judicial councillor 35 1730s sovetnik konferentsii - councillor to the conference 48 1772-74 sovetnik - councillor 48 1772-74 sovetnye liudi - advisers 24 spafar - swordbearer 45 1766-68 spalnik - gentleman of the bedchamber. See also postelnichii 24 18c special courier - narochnyi 38 1745-48 special patriarchal emissary - protosingel 18 16-17c spitardnyi master - explosives expert 17 1634-45 spokesman - tal'man (Swedish) 38 1745-48 spravets - vicar-general 12 16c spravshchik - corrector, proof reader 25 1680s spy - shpion 18 16-17c squires (Polish) - pakholiki 16 1613-34 srednei stat'i - (merchants) of middle order 37 1741-44 staatsalter (Danish) - shtatsgal'ter 45 1766-68 stableboy playmates - poteshnye koniukhi 26 1690s stablemaster - iasel'nichii 21 17c stadholder - stad'gal'ter 16 1613-34 staff doctor - shtab-lekar 48 1772-74 stan - estate, social group (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 standard bearer - khorunzhii (Pol.) 15 1606-10 standardbearer - bunchunzhyi 25 1680s stanichnik - trooper, village cossack 12 16c stanichnik - village cossack 10 16c stanichnyi golova - cossack captain 15 1606-10 stanichnyi golova - frontier commandant 12 16c stanichnyi ataman - station ataman (cossack) 26 1690s starets - brother (monastic), monk, elder 45 1766-68 starinnye gospodskie liudi - long-standing proprietary slaves 15 1606-10 staritsa - schema nun (female version of starets) 21 17c starosta (Pol.) - prefect (CL) 14 1598-1606 starosta - elder, prefect (Pol.) 15 1606-13 starosta popovskii - dean (ecclesiastical) 12 16c starosty gorodovye - town elders 15 1606-10 starshii kantselarist - senior clerk 25 1680s starshina - officer (military) 15 1606-10 stat'i (luchshei, serediny, men'shei) - status (high, middling, lower)26 1690s state councillor - statskii sovetnik - civil service rank 48 1772-74 statskii sovetnik - state councillor - civil service rank (V) 45 1766-68 stenographer - protokolist 37 1741-44 stepennyi posadnik - senior mayor (Novgorod) 45 1766-68 steward - ekonom, prikazchik, upravitel' 35 1730s steward - kliuchnik 24 steward - tiun 01 9-11c steward - tseloval'nik 37 1741-44 stockade guard - zatinshchik 35 1730s stoialye golovy - border sentry officers 12 16c stol'nik litovskii - Lithuanian table attendant 48 1772-74 stolnik - palace official; table attendent (court rank) 45 1766-68 stolnik komnatnyi - table attendant of the throne room 45 1766-68 storonnyi sviashchennik - priestly character witness 21 17c storozha - watchman (clergy) 46 1768-70 storozha, storozh - sentry, guard 15 1606-10 strazhnik litovskii - Lithuanian frontier commander 45 1766-68 street elders - ulitskie starosti 16 1613-34 street sentry - ulitskii karaul'shchik 18 16-17c strelchikha - musketeer woman/wife 26 1690s streltsy - musketeers 16 1613-34 stremiannye - mounted bodyguards (musketeers) 26 1690s striapchii - crown agent (if in tsar's service) 16 1613-34 strigol'nik - detonsured monk, defrocked priest 06 1389-1425 stroitel' - superior, prior, ktitor (lowest-ranking monastic superior) 21 17c sub-cellarer - podkelar' 06 1389-1425 sub-parish priests - popovskie desiatskie 14 1598-1606 sub-prefect - podstarosta 45 1766-68 subprecentor - golovshchik 17 1634-45 sud'ia - judge 14 1598-1606 sud'ia general'nyi - chief justice 25 1680s sud'ia - chief justice (cossack) 26 1690s sudebnyi pisar' - law clerk (military) 17 1634-45 sukonnik - cloth merchant 16 1613-34 sultan 16 1613-34 superintendant of crown taverns - golova kruzhechnogo dvora 21 17c superior - stroitel', lowest of three ranks in monastic hierarchy 37 1741-44 supervisor - bliustitel', nachal'nik, nadsmotrishchik, nadziratel' 45 1766-68 supreme privy council member - verkhovnik 45 1766-68 surgeon general - arkhiater 45 1766-68 surnach - bugler 14 1598-1606 svedentsyi - messenger, informant, witness 12 16c svetleishii kniaz' - most illustrious prince (Menshikov) 37 1741-44 sviaschennyi sluzhitel' - churchman, cleric 35 1730s sviashchenniki pridvornye - court chaplains 15 1606-10 sviashvhenniki - secular clergy 16 1613-34 svoe sviatel'stvo - your holiness (patriarch) 15 1606-10 svoe sviatitel'stvo - your holiness (patriarch) 15 1606-10 svoedvorets - one who owns his own house 12 16c svoezemets - owner of land in his own right 24 swordbearer - mechnik 02 11-12c swordbearer - mechonosha 03 12-13c swordbearer - spafar 45 1766-68 sworn fiscal assistants - larechnye tseloval'niki 25 1680s syn boiarskii (plural deti boiarskie) - junior boyar(s) 24 synodal elders - sobornye startsy 16 1613-34 syromiatnik - tanner 18 16-17c syshchik - investigator 26 1690s sytnik - brewer 17 1634-45 szlachta (Russ. shliakhta) - Polish gentry 45 1766-68 szliachcic - lesser noble (Polish) 20 17c szliachta - Polish gentry, petty nobility 11 16c table attendant (royal household) - stol'nik 15 1606-13 table waiter - munbdshenkskii pomoshchnik 38 1745-48 tafeldekerskii pomoshchnik - cupbearer 38 1745-48 tailor - portnoi 18 16-17c tainoi dumy dumets - chief privy councillor 13 1584-98 tainyi kabinet-sekretar' - privy cabinet secretary 37 1741-44 tainyi sovetnik - privy councillor. See blizhnye liudi (III) 48 1772-74 taisha - chieftain (Kalmyk) 26 1690s tal'man - spokesman (Swedish) 38 1745-48 tamozhennye golovy - customs chiefs 16 1613-34 tamozhennyi tseloval'nik - customs inspector, official 37 1741-44 tanner - kozhevennik, syromiatnik 16 1613-34 tarkhan - regimental commander of Khazar army 24 tarkovskii shevkal - shavkal of Tarkov 26 1690s Tatar dignitary, noble - bey 25 1680s Tatar dignitary, noble - karachei 25 1680s Tatar nobles - murzas, ulani 14 1598-1606 Tatar official, tax collector 45 1766-68 Tatar tex collector - baskak 04 13-14c tax assessors - okladchiki 24 tax farmer (crown) - otkupshchik 48 1772-74 tax collector - sborshchik 16 1613-34 tax collector - tseloval'nik 37 1741-44 taxpayers - tiaglye liudi 24 taxpaying - tiaglyi 16 1613-34 taxpaying state peasants - chernososhnye krest'iane 07 15c teachers - uchitel'nye liudi 13 1584-98 teamster - izvoshchik 13 1584-98 telokhraniteli - bodyguards 15 1606-10 temnik - Mongol commander-in-chief 04 13-14c temnyi kniaz' - prince, captain of a myriad (t'ma) 06 1389-1425 tenman - desiatskii 12 16c territorial prince - udel'nyi kniaz' - pertaining to Habsburgs 11 16c third party judge or witness - tretei, tretii 06 1389-1425 tiaglets - tax-paying member of community 26 1690s tiaglye liudi - taxpayers 24 tiaglyi - taxpaying 16 1613-34 tinsmith - olovianishnik 21 17c tithe collector - desiatil'nik, desiatinnik 12 16c tiun - agent, steward 02 12c tiuremnyi - prison warder 24 tiuremnyi storozh - prison watchguard 24 toll collector - mytnik 01 9-11c tolmach - interpreter 25 1680s torgovye chernye liudi - common traders 13 1584-98 torgovye liudi - traders 16 1613-34 torgovye muzhiki - trading peasants 13 1584-98 tovarishch voevodskii - assistant governor 21 17c town administrator - uriad grodskii 18 16-17c town cossacks (part of garrison) - gorodovye kozaki 24 town governor - gorodovoi voevoda 37 1741-44 town prefect - gorodovoi prikashchik 13 1584-98 town service gentry -dvoriane gorodovye 24 town official - gorodovoi prikashchik 16 1613-34 townsman, dweller (tax paying) - posadskii chelovek 24 townsmen (tax paying) - posadskie liudi 24 townsmen - posadskie liudi 15 1606-10 traders - promyshlenniki 26 1690s traders - torgovye liudi 16 1613-34 trading peasants - torgovye muzhiki 13 1584-98 transients - perekhozhie liudi 18 16-17c translator - perevodchik 16 1613-34 trapeznik - refectory steward 06 1389-1425 treasurer - kaznachei 16 1613-34 tretchik - administrator 12 16c tretei, tretii - third party judge or witness 06 1389-1425 tretii zhereb' - sharecropper 20 17c tribute-paying people - iasachnye liudi 35 1730s triumvirs - troenachal'niki 45 1766-68 troenachal'niki - triumvirs 45 1766-68 trumpeters 24 trustee - upravitel' 37 1741-44 tsaredvortsy - courtiers; senior court officials 24 tsarevich - tsar's son, heir apparent 24 tsarevna - tsar's daughter 24 tsarik - tsarlet, kinglet 15 1606-10 tsaritsa - tsar's wife 24 tsaritsa's junior boyars - tsaritsyny deti boiarskie 14 1598-1606 tsaritsa-mat' - dowager tsaritsa 14 1598-1606 tsaritsyny deti boiarskie - tsaritsa's junior boiars 14 1598-1606 tsarlet - tsarik 15 1606-10 tsarskii d'iak - secretary to the tsar 15 1606-10 tsarskii sinklit - crown councillor 15 1606-10 tseloval'nik - crown official 26 1690s tseloval'nik - customs official 13 1584-98 tseloval'nik - tax collector, steward 37 1741-44 tseloval'niki - elected local sworn officials 24 tseloval'niki na vere - local sworn officials 25 1680s tseremoniimeister - master of ceremonies 45 1766-68 tserkovnik - catechist 37 1741-44 tserkovnye prichetniki - ecclesiastical dignitaries 16 1613-34 tserkovnyi chin - ecclesiastical estate 15 1606-10 tserkovnyi d'iachok - parish clerk 18 16-17c tserkovnyi starosta - church warden 24 tsezar ("Caesar") - emperor (False Dmitry) 14 1598-1606 tsezar, tsezar khristianskii - Holy Roman emperor 14 1598-1606 Tsezarevna - empress (Holy Roman empire) 45 1766-68 tsezarskoe velichestvo - imperial highness 14 1598-1606 tulnik - hatter 06 1389-1425 Turkish envoy or messenger - chiaus 13 1584-98 Turkish judges - ulema 48 1772-74 Turkish official - Pasha 48 1772-74 Turkish rank - seraskir 48 1772-74 tutor - vospitatel' 18 16-17c tutors to tsar's sons - uchitel'ia tsarevichevye 24 typesetter - naborshchik 18 16-17c tysiatskii - chiliarch 04 13-14c uboitsa - assassin, armed insurgent 45 1766-68 uchitel'ia tsarevichevye - tutors to tsar's sons 24 uchitel'nye liudi - teachers 13 1584-98 udel'nyi kniaz' - appanage prince 45 1766-68 uezdnye liudi - free district peasants (N. Russ.) 45 1766-68 ulani - Tatar nobles, uhlans 07 15c ulema - Turkish judges 48 1772-74 ulitskie starosti - street elders 16 1613-34 ulitskii karaul'shchik 18 16-17c under-clerk - podkantserialist 38 1745-48 underaged servitor - nedorosl' 35 1730s underling - malyi 21 17c undersecretary - pod'iachii 15 1606-13 university graduate - bakalavr 18 16-17c unregistered persons - izbylye liudi 18 16-17c unter-offitser - non-commissioned officer 35 1730s upolnomochennye - plenipotentiaries 16 1613-34 upravitel' - administrator, trustee, steward 37 1741-44 uriad grodskii - town administrator 18 16-17c uriad(nik) - village constable 12 16c uriadnik - low-ranking cossack officer 20 17c uriadnik - private/trooper 26 1690s uriadnik mirskii - lay official 18 16-17c uriadnik zemskii - rural village constable 12 16c ushkuinik - voyager, river pirate, raider 24 usolets - salt miner 26 1690s ustavnik - canonarch, precentor 12 16c ustavnik, ustavshchik - precentor 17 1634-45 ustavshchik - administrator, legist 26 1690s ustavshchik - ecclesiarch 21 17c uveshchatel' - admonisher 26 1690s v zavoevodchiki - assignment to staff of voevoda 24 vagabonds - gultiai 45 1766-68 vagrants - guliashchie liudi 35 1730s vakhmistr - sergeant-major (Guards Regiment) 37 1741-44 valet - kamerdin 38 1745-48 vasha sviatynia - your holiness 16 1613-34 vashe tsarskoe velichestvo - your majesty the tsar 16 1613-34 vassal - prisiazhnik 13 1584-98 vataman - leader of an organized group 06 1389-1425 vatazhok - chief of the vataga 45 1766-68 vdovyi pop - widowed priest 13 1584-98 vedun - sorcerer 13 1584-98 vel'mozhi - magnates 10 16c vel'mozhnoe polozhenie - magnates' rank 20 17c velikaia kniazina - grand princess 45 1766-68 velikie liudi - senior people 16 1613-34 velikie posly - high ambassadors 16 1613-34 velikii admiral - grand admiral 45 1766-68 velikii blizhnii boiarin - grand privy boyar 13 1584-98 velikii getman - grand hetman 48 1772-74 velikii getman koronnyi - high crown hetman 45 1766-68 velikii gosudar' - great sovereign 45 1766-68 velikii kantsler - grand chanceller 45 1766-68 velikii kaznachei koronnyi - lord high treasurer (Polish context) 45 1766-68 velikii kniaz - grand prince or grand duke 45 1766-68 velikii marshalok koronnyi - high crown marshal (polish) 45 1766-68 velikii mechnik - high swordbearer (household office). Created by False Dmitry. 14 1598-1606 velikii mogol - great mogul 38 1745-48 velikii mufti - grand mufti 38 1745-48 velikii vizir' - grand vizier 48 17-18c velikii kantsler koronnyi - crown chancellor 46 1768-70 velmozhi - Polish magnates 11 16c verkhovaia boirainia - high, principal boyars 24 verkhovnik - member of Supreme Privy Council 45 1766-68 verkoper - salesman 12 16c vernaia golova - guild representative 21 17c verniki, doverennye liudi - proxies or plenipotentiaries 12 16c veselyi chelovek - jester 12 16c vesovshchik - scale attendant 06 1389-1425 vicar - namestnik (ecclesiastical rank) 21 17c vice chancellor - vitse-kantsler 48 1772-74 vice-captain (cavalry) - vitse-rotmistr 37 1741-44 vice-president - vitse-prezident 37 1741-44 vicegerent - namestnik 04 13-14c viiskovyi sud'ia - judge (Zaporozhian Host) 20 17c vine dresser - sadovnik 18 16-17c vinokurnik - distiller 26 1690s virnik - bloodwite collector 01 9-11c visiting townsmen - priezzhie liudi 16 1613-34 vitse-admiral - vice admiral (III) 26 1690s vitse-gubernator - vice-governor 45 1766-68 vitse-kantsler - vice-chancellor 37 1741-44 vitse-prezident - vice-president 37 1741-44 vitse-rotmistr - vice-captain (cavalry) 37 1741-44 vitse-serzhant - acting sergeant 38 1745-48 vizh - court officer (Lithuania) 12 16c vizier - vizir' 13 1584-98 vizir' - vizier 13 1584-98 vkladchik - donor (to monastery) 17 1634-45 vkladchitsa - donoress (nun or laywoman living in convent at own expense) 35 17c vladelets - chieftain 13 1584-98 vladetel'nyi gertsog - sovereign duke 37 1741-44 vladyka - lord, prelate, form of address used in addressing senior hierarch 45 1766-68 vlastel' - regent 13 1584-98 vlastel'/vlastelin - lord 06 1389-1425 vlasti - dignitaries (ecclesiastical) 21 17c voennyi prezident (Austria) - president of the Military Council 35 1730s voevoda - governor, commander 15 1606-13 voevoda - military governor 24 voevoda - military governor, commander; or mayor/viceroy (context); district lord; under Peter, governors of provinces, palatine (Lith.) 45 1766-68 voevoda - hospodar (Moldavia-Wallachia) 13 1584-98 voevoda, dvorovyi - household commander voin - warrior 45 1766-68 voinskii komissarii - military commisar 26 1690s voiskovaia cheliad' - army menials 14 1606-10 voiskovoi esaul - first lieutenant 25 1680s voiskovoi pisar' - military secretary (cossack rank) 25 1680s voiskovoi tovarishch - deputy commander 25 1680s voit (German title) - reeve 03 12-13c voit (W. Russ) - district chief, administrator, mayor, prefect 45 1766-68 vol'nitsa - free men, outlaws (cossack) 21 17c vol'nitsy - irregulars 04 13-14c vol'nonaemnyi - hired 48 1772-74 vol'nye ratnye liudi - volunteer soldiers 18 16-17c vol'nyi piteinyi promyshlennik - free alcoholic beverage seller 24 volkhv - magus (plural magi), sorcerer, magician 03 12-13c volnitsa - volunteers 26 1690s voloshchanin - rural district resident 12 16c volostel' - district chief, administrator 04 13-14c volostel' stolnichego puti - rural district chief 45 1766-68 volostnye aretchiki - elected representatives of rural district (who sit in town hall) 24 volostnye vybornye - elected rural district officials 24 volunteer - okhotnik 13 1584-98 volunteer soldiers - vol'nye ratnye liudi 18 16-17c volunteers - okhochye liudi 15 1606-10 vor - brigand 14 1598-1606 vor - buccaneer 21 17c vorotnik - gatekeeper 24 vorotnoi storozh - gate watch; guard, sentinel, sentry 24 vorovskii kazak - cossack pirate 21 17c vospitatel' - tutor 18 16-17c vospomogatel'nye - auxiliaries 26 1690s voyager - ushkuinik 24 voyvode (Polish) - military commander 48 1772-74 vozh - pilot 21 17c voznyi - court investigator, judiciary agent 12 16c vremenshchik - favorite 18 16-17c vseuezdnyi zemskii starosta - elected county administrative chief 24 vsia voi svoia - "all his warriors" 45 1766-68 vtoroi gil'dii kupets - merchant of the second guild 48 1772-74 vtoroi voevoda - deputy governor, commander 15 1606-10 vvedennyi boiarin - privy boyar 06 1389-1425 vvedennyi d'iak - palace secretary 12 16c vvedenyi boiarin - newly inducted boyar 08 15c vybornye liudi - elected representatives 24 18c vybornye strel'tsy - elected musketeers 25 1680s vybornye golovy - elected officers 12 16c vybornye iz gorodov dvoriane - selected provincial gentry 16 1613-34 vybornye liudi - chosen men 16 1613-34 vybornye liudi iz gorodov - elected representatives of the towns 16 1613-34 vybornyi polk - select regiment 26 1690s vyimshchik - inspector, investigator, searcher 37 1741-44 wanderers - gultiai 45 1766-68 warden - lovchii 45 1766-68 warrior - voin 45 1766-68 watchman - storozha (clergy) 46 1768-70 wedding apparel maker - molodozhnik 45 1766-68 well-to-do citizens - zhitye muzhi 04 13-14c wet nurse - kormilitsa 13 1584-98 white clergy (married) - beloe dukhovenstvo 24 widowed priest - vdovyi pop 13 1584-98 wine steward, cellarman - gvozdar 24 without order of precedence - bez mest 16 1613-34 witness - svedentsyi 12 16c work hand - zakhrebetnik 24 yanichar-aga - master of the janissaries 46 1768-70 yaselnichii - master of the horse (cossack) 20 17c young servant - detskii 03 12-13c young servant - parobok 08 15c your holiness (patriarch) - svoe sviatel'stvo 15 1606-10 your holiness - vasha sviatnynia 16 1613-34 your majesty the tsar - vashe tsarskoe velichestvo 16 1613-34 youth - nedorosl' 35 1730s zabrodchik - ringleader 21 17c zadvornye liudi/krest'iane - house slaves/serfs 26 1690s zaezzhik - tax officer 12 16c zakhrebetnik - work hand 24 zakladchik, zakladnik - pledgeman 01 9-11c zakladen (pl. zakladni) - inderntured servant(s) 06 1389-1425 zakup - indentured worker 45 1776-68 zalozhnik - hostage 13 1584-98 zamkovyi uriad(nik) - castle constable 12 16c zasechnaia - frontier officer 25 1680s zasedatel' - assessor 25 1680s zatinshchik - garrison soldier, stockade guard 35 1730s zavodchik - ringleader 21 17c zemets - petty landowner 12 16c zemiane - Lithunian gentry class 07 15c zemianin - native of land; landowner (gentry) 45 1766-68 zemskaia sudia - local judge 35 1730s zemskie liudi - farmers 12 16c zemskie liudi - resident population, inhabitants 06 1389-1425 zemskie posly - district officials (polish districts) 45 1766-68 zemskie liudi - police officers 16 1613-34 zemskii diachok - land or local secretary, as opposed to crown secretary 12 16c zemskii diak - clerk in the district, public clerk 45 1766-68 zemskii kamerer - provincial financial auditor; treasurers 37 1741-44 zemskii komissar - provincial commissioner 37 1741-44 zemskii posol - local delegate (poland) 12 16c zemskii pristav - (local) bailiff 24 zemskii sotskii - (local) constable 24 zemskii starosta - (elected) chief (elder) of local administration, district elder 24 zemskii tseloval'nik - court assistant 24 zheldak - soldier (in new regiments) 24 zhidovlianin - Judaizer 13 1584-98 zhil'tsy - residents of the capital 16 1613-34 zhilets - palace official 45 1766-68 zhilets - resident noble 21 17c zhiletskie liudi - palace attendants (lower than stolniki and dvoriane moskovskie, but higher than deti boiarskie) 24 zhitichnyi golova - granary officer 25 1680s zhitnik - supervisor of the granary 24 zhitnye liudi - well-off men, middle-class burghers (Novgorod) 45 1766-68 zhitye liudi - the well-to-do 06 1389-1425 zhitye muzhi - well-to-do citizens 04 13-14c zholner - professional soldier (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 zhonka (diminutive of zhena) - female slave (W. Russ.) 45 1766-68 znakhar - expert, longtime resident, broker 12 16c znamenshchik - notary priest 12 16c znat' - nobility, dignitaries 24 znatets - assayer 16 1613-34 znatnaia shliakhta - magnates 20 17c znatok v zhenskikh bolezniakh - gynaecologist 13 1584-98

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