CONTENTS
Preface xiv
Introduction xvi
1 Failure to Settle Lend-Lease Debts
Follow-up to US Request for USSR Lend-Lease Inventory. Secretary of State to Soviet Chargé. 18 February 1946 1
Soviet Response to US Inventory Request. Soviet Chargé to Secretary of State. 19 March 1946 2
US Embassy Personnel Share Lend-Lease Frustration with Press. US Press Report. 26 December 1946 3
US Ambassador Seeks "Urgent" Reply to Notes. Ambassador Smith to Foreign Minister Molotov. 31 December 1946 4
US Department of State Aide-memoire. To Soviet Embassy. 17 November 1947 5
Soviet Arguments for Canceling Lend-Lease Debts. Soviet Embassy Memorandum to US State Department. 16 December 1947 6
US Summary of Lend-Lease Discussions with Soviets. Internal State Department Memorandum. 9 May 1949 9
Negotiations over Return of US Ships by USSR. Meeting Between State Department and Soviet Representatives. 4 January 1949 10
Settlement for the Return of Some US Naval Ships by USSR. US-USSR Treaty. 27 September 1949 12
US Concern over Delay in Return of Ships. Department of State Press Release. 20 November 1950 14
US Rejects Soviet Offer of $240 Million for Settlement. Secretary of State to Soviet Chargé. 9 December 1950 14
USSR Official Press on the Lend-Lease Settlement. Pravda. 7 February 1951 16
Report on Soviet Refusal to Return Ships. US Press Report. 22 August 1951 20
Report on Lend-Lease Operations. US President to Congress. 3 October 1951 21
US Quest to Arbitrate Settlement. US Press Report. 10 January 1952 23
US Memorandum of Soviet-American Conversation. Confidential Record. 14 December 1953 24
Report on Lend-Lease Operations. US President to Congress. 31 December 1953 25
USSR Agrees to Return Some US Ships. Text of Agreement. 22 December 1954 27
USSR Agrees to Return Some More US Ships. Text of Agreement. 26 May 1955 29
Report on Lend-Lease Operations. US President to Congress. 31 December 1956 31
Report on Lend-Lease Operations. US President to Congress. 31 December 1960 36
US-USSR Agreement to Settle Lend-Lease. Text of Agreement. 18 October 1972 37
2 The Decline in Soviet-American Relations
Soviet Loan Request. Soviet Purchasing Chairman to FEA Chairman. 28 August 1945 41
Belated US Response to Soviet Loan Request. Secretary of State to Soviet Chargé. 21 February 1946 42
Soviet Response to US Credit Conditions. Soviet Chargé to US Secretary of State. 15 March 1946 44
US Reiterates Conditions for Credit to USSR. US Secretary of State to Soviet Embassy. 18 April 1946 45
USSR Requests Negotiations Focused on Credit. Soviet Ambassador to Acting US Secretary of State. 17 May 1946 47
US State Department Views Loan Negotiations not Possible. Memorandum to Assistant Secretary of State. 23 May 1946 48
US Indirect Aid to USSR Via UNRRA. Letter from Truman to House Speaker. 4 October 1945 50
Department of State Summary of UNRRA Operations. Congressional Testimony. 11 October 1945 51
Time Limitation on Lend-Lease Pipeline Shipments. Rider to Public Law 521. June 1946 54
US Apology to USSR for Termination of Agreement. Lend-Lease Administrator to Soviet Purchasing Director. 30 January 1947 54
USSR Requests US Uphold Agreement of 15 October 1945. Soviet Ambassador to US Assistant Secretary of State. 4 July 1947 55
Financial Effects of US Discrimination of Pipeline Agreement. Secretary of State to US Embassy. 6 August 1947 57
Effect of Pipeline Suspension on Interest Payments. Soviet Ambassador to Secretary of State. 2 July 1949 57
Text of Stalin's Election Speech. Pravda. 10 February 1946 59
US Embassy Evaluation of Stalin Speech. George F. Kennan to Secretary of State. 12 February 1946 66
USSR Suspicious of Outside World. George F. Kennan to Secretary of State. 20 March 1946 67
Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech. Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri. 5 March 1946 70
Stalin on the Subject of Churchill's Speech. Interview with Pravda. 14 March 1946 77
Soviet Summary of US Ambassador Smith's Views. USSR Diplomats in Berlin to Molotov. 28 March 1946 80
3 The "Get Tough" Policy
Nationalist Chinese Concerns over USSR in Manchuria. Special US Envoy to President Truman. 9 February 1946 83
Soviet Forces Continue to Hold Manchuria. Counselor of Embassy to Secretary of State. 26 February 1946 85
Soviets Explain Delay in Withdrawal from Manchuria. Pravda. 27 February 1946 87
Soviets Leaving Manchuria. US Press Report. 9 March 1946 88
Soviet Removal of "War Booty" from Manchuria. Statement Issued by US Department of State. 1 March 1946 89
Manchurian Problem and its Impact on Chinese Government. US Counselor of China Embassy to Secretary of State. 11 March 1946 90
Scramble for Manchuria by Nationalists and Communists. US Consul to Secretary of State. 26 March 1946 91
Final Report of Yenan Observer Group. Memorandum from Observer Group to George C. Marshall. 15 April 1946 92
Communist Chinese Penetration of Manchuria. Marshall Memorandum. 17 April 1946 94
US Opposes Soviet Troops in Iran. Internal State Department Memorandum. 27 December 1945 95
US Commission Proposal for Iran Raises Issues. US Ambassador in Iran to Secretary of State. 10 January 1946 96
USSR Responds to Iranian Complaint. USSR Ambassador to UN Security Council President. 24 January 1946 98
US Resolution for Soviet-Iranian Negotiations. Internal Notes of US Delegation to UN. 30 January 1946 100
Text of US Note on Iran to USSR. Note from American Chargé to Soviet Government. 6 March 1946 102
Soviet Negotiations with Iran. Remarks by Gromyko to UN SecurityCouncil. 26 March 1946 104
US Seeks Confirmation of Soviet Withdrawal by UN. Stettinius to Byrnes. 29 March 1946 106
Successful Conclusion of Soviet-Iranian Negotiations. Letter from Iranian Representative to UN Security Council. 15 April 1946 108
US-USSR Positions on Turkish Straits. Notes Exchanged by the Two Countries. 7 and 19 August 1946 109
US Military May Need to Protect Turkey. Memo from Departments of State, Navy, and War. 15 August 1946 113
US Military Assessment of Turkish Straits Issue. Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretaries of Army and Navy. 23 August 1946 115
Soviet Position on Turkish Straits. Transmission of Soviet Note to US Secretary of State. 26 September 1946 117
US Reinforces Straits Position with USSR. US Message to Soviet Foreign Office. 8 October 1946 122
Summary of Turkish Straits Issue, 1945-1946. Briefing Paper for President Harry S. Truman. November 1946 123
The Novikov Telegram. Nikolai Novikov to Viacheslav Molotov. 27 September 1946 125
A US Critique of "Get Tough" Policy. Speech at Madison Square Garden. 12 September 1946 133
4 Collapse of Collaboration
Reasons Why the USSR Should Not Join IMF and IBRD. Internal Memorandum of USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 29 December 1945 139
George F. Kennan's "Long Telegram." Kennan to US Secretary of State. 22 February 1946 140
Baruch Plan for Control of Atomic Energy. UN Atomic Energy Commission. 14 June 1946 150
Gromyko's Response to the Baruch Plan. UN Atomic Energy Commission. 19 June 1946 156
US Termination of Reparations. General Clay to Major General Echols. 2 May 1946 162
End of US Reparations and the USSR. US Political Adviser for Germany to US Secretary of State. 6 May 1946 163
State Department Endorsement of Clay's Decision. Dean G. Acheson to James F. Byrnes. 9 May 1946 165
Soviet View of US End to Reparations. Memorandum to SVAG Political Adviser. 29 May 1946 169
US Policy on Germany. Radio Address by Secretary of State Byrnes. 6 September 1946 171
Soviet Reaction to Byrnes's Stuttgart Speech. Classified Message from Novikov to Molotov. 10 September 1946 176
Economic Fusion of US and British Zones. Memorandum of Agreement. 2 December 1946 179
Draft Treaty on German Disarmament. US Proposal to Council of Foreign Ministers. 29 April 1946 182
Byrnes-Molotov Conversation about Proposed German Treaty. Diary of V.M. Molotov. 28 April 1946 185
USSR Statement on US Proposed German Disarmament Treaty. USSR Foreign Minister Molotov to Council of Foreign Ministers. 9 July 1946 187
State of US-USSR Relations Spring 1946. Record of Conversation between Byrnes and Molotov. 5 May 1946 191
5 Emergence of the Containment Policy
Great Britain Ends Support for Greece and Turkey, 2 Documents. Aide-Memoire from British to US Government. 21 February 1947 194
Preparation of Truman's Speech. Memorandum for the File. 12 March 1947 198
The Truman Doctrine. President Truman's Speech to the US Congress. 12 March 1947 201
Congressional Legislation to Aid Greece and Turkey. United States Statute. 22 May 1947 205
Need for European Recovery. Speech by Acheson to the Delta Council. 8 May 1947 209
Economic Crisis in Europe. Internal Memo, US Department of State. 27 May 1947 214
The Marshall Plan. George C. Marshall's Harvard Commencement Address. 5 June 1947 216
Molotov Criticizes Marshall Plan. Speech at Paris Conference. 2 July 1947 218
Report on Molotov's Critique of Marshall Plan. Bevin to US Secretary of State. 3 July 1947 221
Record of Stalin's Conversation with Czech Officials. Confidential Minutes of the Meeting. 9 July 1947 222
The Containment Policy Defined. Article in Foreign Affairs. July 1947 225
6 The Soviet Response to the Containment Policy
Background on Soviet Takeover of Hungary. Internal State Department Memorandum. 1 July 1947 236
US Protests Soviet Takeover in Hungary. US State Department to ACC for Hungary. 11 June 1947 239
Soviet Reply to US Protest. Note from General Sviridov to General Weems. 14 June 1947 241
US Protests Soviet Treatment of Petkov. US Embassy in Moscow to Soviet Foreign Office. 23 August 1947 242
USSR Response to US Protest. Soviet Foreign Office to US Embassy in Moscow. 25 August 1947 243
Additional Soviet Response to US Protests. Andrei Ya. Vyshinskii to Walter B. Smith. 6 September 1947 244
CPSU Politburo Directive Relating to Eastern Europe. USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 October 1947 246
The Soviet World View. Zhdanov Speech Before Founding Session of Comintern. 22 September 1947 247
Cominform Declaration. Pravda. 5 October 1947 256
Preliminary US Response to Cominform. US Embassy to State Department. 6 October 1947 259
"Molotov Plan" and Yugoslavia. US Ambassador in Yugoslavia to State Department. 7 August 1947 261
Tito's Displeasure with USSR-Yugoslav Economic Relations. Record of Conversation Between Tito and Lavrentiev. 10 March 1948 263
Communist Information Bureau Expels Yugoslavia. Pravda. 29 June 1948 265
Potential Impact of Tito's Expulsion from Cominform. Political Adviser Trieste to US Secretary of State. 29 June 1948 271
US Official Response to Expulsion of Tito from Cominform. US Secretary of State to Diplomatic Missions. 30 June 1948 272
Tito Stands Firm in Yugoslavia. US Ambassador in Yugoslavia to Secretary of State. 30 June 1948 273
USSR Communist Party Sets Stage for Comecon's Creation. Politburo Session. 23 December 1948 275
Charter of Comecon. For the Signatories. 14 December 1959 277
7 Collapse of Soviet-American Trade
Second Decontrol Act. United States Congress. 15 July 1947 279
Summary of US Export Controls. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee. 1947 282
Percentage of US Exports Under Control. US Department of Commerce. 1947 283
Recommendations for US Control of Exports to USSR. Commerce Department to National Security Council. 14 November 1947 285
US Policy on Trade with USSR and Eastern Europe. State Department Policy Planning Paper. 26 November 1947 286
US Control of Exports to USSR and Eastern Europe. US National Security Council to President. 17 December 1947 292
US Products to Europe Require Licenses. Press Release from US Department of Commerce. 15 January 1948 293
Letter from Czech President. To Communist Party Presidium. 24 February 1948 294
Reply by the Czechoslovak Communist Party Presidium. To the Letter of President Benes". 25 February 1948 296
Immediate Response of US to Czechoslovak Crisis. US Ambassador in Prague to Secretary of State. 26 February 1948 298
President Truman Reacts to Events in Czechoslovakia. Speech Before Joint Session of Congress. 17 March 1948 300
Background on the Czechoslovak Crisis. Ambassador Steinhardt to Secretary of State Marshall. 30 April 1948 303
Objectives of US Trade with Eastern Europe. Commerce Department Report. 4 May 1948 309
Export Control Act. United States Congress. 26 February 1949 314
Soviet Critique of US Economic Warfare. Pravda. 12 March 1949 317
Formation of CoCom. Communication within Economic Cooperation Administration. 25 November 1949 318
Decision to Keep CoCom Deliberations Secret. Telegram from US Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic Posts. 15 February 1950 320
Problems Creating CoCom's Embargo List. Secretary Acheson to US Embassy in UK. 22 August 1950 321
Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act. United States Congress. 26 October 1951 324
Battle Act Implemented. Draft Executive Order to Implement Act. 9 October 1951 327
US Informs CoCom About Battle Act. Under Secretary Webb to CoCom Countries. 5 December 1951 328
Soviet Response to Battle Act. Literaturnaya gazeta. 11 December 1951 330
Trade Agreements Extension Act. United States Congress. 16 June 1951 332
Soviets Respond to End of Soviet-American Trade Agreement. Pravda. 20 August 1951 336
Closing Loophole in Trade Restrictions with USSR. President Harry Truman to Secretary of Treasury Snyder. 17 January 1953 337
Two World Markets and the Crisis of Capitalism. Remarks of Joseph Stalin. Fall 1952 338
8 The Berlin Blockade
Berlin Air Corridors. Allied Control Council. 22 November 1945 339
Adjustments in German Bizonia Organization. US Political Adviser for Germany to Secretary of State. 3 January 1948 342
USSR Rejects US Reform of German Currency. US Political Adviser for Germany to Secretary of State. 1 February 1948 345
USSR Protests Western Violations of Potsdam Agreements. Message from Soviet to US Government. 13 February 1948 348
Creation of Trizonia. Communiqué by UK, US, France, and Benelux. 6 March 1948 349
USSR Protests London Conference. Statement by Marshal Sokolovsky. 20 March 1948 351
Currency Reform in the Western Zones of Germany. US State Department Internal Memorandum. 4 June 1948 352
Break-up of the Allied Kommandatura in Berlin. Ambassador Murphy to Secretary of State Marshall. 17 June 1948 354
Start of the Berlin Blockade. Telegram from US Political Adviser to US Secretary of State. 19 June 1948 355
The Berlin Airlift Begins. Telegram Between US Zonal Commander and War Department. 27 June 1948 357
Arguments for US Staying in Berlin. Ambassador Murphy to Secretary of State Marshall. 26 June 1948 358
Formal US Protest over Soviet Blockade of Berlin. Note from US Secretary of State to Soviet Ambassador. 6 July 1948 360
USSR Response to US Protest over Berlin Blockade. Note from Panyushkin to Marshall. 14 July 1948 363
Stalin's Views on Berlin Crisis. Interview by French, UK, and US Representatives. 3 August 1948 366
US Requests UN Security Council Review Soviet Blockade. Note from US State Department to UN Secretary General. 29 September 1948 372
Evolving Concept of NATO. Meeting Between Danish and US Officials. 3 January 1949 374
Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The North Atlantic Treaty. 4 April 1949 376
First of Jessup-Malik Talks on Lifting Blockade. Internal Memorandum, US Department of State. 15 February 1949 379
Jessup-Malik Conversations Produce Agreement. Internal Memorandum, US Department of State. 27 April 1949 381
Berlin Blockade Ends. Announcement by US Secretary of State. 12 May 1949 384
US Preparations for Possible Renewal of Berlin Blockade. US Department of Defense to National Security Council. 1 June 1949 385
Soviets Respond to Formation of West Germany. Politburo Minutes. 30 September 1949 389
Soviet Response to Creation of Federal Republic of Germany. Soviet Note Forwarded to US State Department. 1 October 1949 390
Formation of (East) German Democratic Republic. US Military Commander in Berlin to State Department. 6 October 1949 393
Chronological List of Documents 395
List of Abbreviations 404
Selected Bibliography 406
Notes 415
Indexes 444
Biography 462