CONTENTS

Preface viii

Introduction xii

1 THE YEAR 1926

Letter to Comintern on Party Opposition and the Economic Situation in Soviet Russia. 13 January 1926 1

Chicherin, Soviet Government Agrees to Participate in League of Nations

Commission. 16 January 1926 4

Party Resolution. Toward Strengthening of Socialist Elements in the National Economy. 25 February 1926 5

Stalin Proclaims Beginning of New, Second Period of NEP. 13 April 1926 12

Treaty of Berlin. 24 April 1926 25

Litvinov on the International Situation of the USSR. 24 April 1926 28

Stalin on Ukrainization. 26 April 1926 38

Many Obstacles to Greater Participation of Women in Soviet Life.

30 May 1926 41

Letter from Stalin on the Lashevich Affair and the Move Against Zinoviev.

25 June 1926 47

Trotskyist and Zinovievist Opposition. Declaration of the Thirteen.

14 July 1926 49

Party Resolution after the First General Soviet Elections Since End of the

Civil War. 20 July 1926 53

Party Removes Zinoviev, Lashevich, and Others From Party Leadership

Positions. 23 July 1926 62

Nonaggression Treaty With Lithuania. 28 September 1926 66

Fifteenth Party Conference of the CPSUReports and Debates. 26

October-3 November 1926 68

Rykov's Report 69

Miliutin's Speech 91

Rykov's Concluding Speech 95

Kamenev's Speech. Declaration of the Six 99

Zinoviev's Speech 118

RSFSR Code of Laws on Marriage, Family and Guardianship.

19 November 1926 131

National Census of 1926. 17 December 1926 157

Krupskaia, Criteria for Children's Books. 23 December 1926 159

Stalin's Speech on Perspectives of the Revolution in China.

30 December 1926 161

2 THE YEAR 1927

Maiakovsky on Artistic Freedom Versus Control. February 1927 168

Litvinov on Worsening Anglo-Soviet Relations. 27 February 1927 170

Eisenstein's Films Battleship Potemkin and October. April 1927 174

Litvinov on the Peking Raid. 6 April 1927 176

Exchange of Notes Regarding Settlement of Existing Conflict With

Switzerland. 14 April 1927 178

Stalin, Questions of the Chinese Revolution. 21 April 1927 179

Secret Soviet-German Military Agreement Regarding Poison-Gas

Experiments. 23 April 1927. Translated by Dr. Edmund Remys 183

Voroshilov's Speech to the Fourth Congress of Soviets on the State of the

Red Army. 25 April 1927 184

Obolensky-Osinsky's Speech to the World Economic Conference.

Geneva, 4-23 May 1927 190

The Arcos Raid. 12 May 1927 194

Litvinov, Protest Note of the Soviet Government to the British

Government. 17 May 1927 194

Mikoian, The Raid on the Trade Delegation of the Soviet Union

in London. May 1927 197

The German Government Reevaluates Secret Military Relationship with

the Soviet Government. Berlin, 18 May 1927. Translated by

Dr. Edmund Remys 200

Obolensky-Osinsky Speech on the Results of the World Economic

Conference. Geneva, 23 May 1927 202

Great Britain Severs Diplomatic Relations With USSR. 26 May 1927 204

Soviet Response to the Rupture of Anglo-Soviet Relations. M. Litvinov's

Note to British Charge d'Affaires. Moscow, 28 May 1927 206

Litvinov, Soviet Envoy to Poland, Assassinated. 7 June 1927 207

The GPU Uncovers British Espionage and Conspiracy With Russian

Emigrés. 9 June 1927 208

Stalin on the War Scare of 1927, China Question and the Zinoviev-

Trotskyist Opposition. 28 July 1927 211

Metropolitan Sergei's Epistle. The Russian Orthodox Church Reaches

Accommodation with the Soviet State. 29 July 1927 228

Party Central Committee Censures and Warns Trotsky and Zinoviev

of Expulsion. 9 August 1927 231

N. Semashko States that Soviet Health Services Meet Social, Political,

and Medical Needs of Women and Children. 6 October 1927 236

The October Party Enrollment of 1927. 13 October 1927 238

Lunacharsky on the State of Educational and Cultural Development

Since the October Revolution. 15 October 1927 240

Trotsky on Opposition Demonstrations During the Anniversary of the

October Revolution. 7 November 1927 247

Litvinov on Total Disarmament. Geneva, 30 November 1927 249

Fifteenth Party Congress Resolutions. 7-19 December 1927 254

On the Central Committee Report. 7 December 1927 254

On the Directives on the Establishment of a Five Year Plan for the

National Economy. 19 December 1927 259

On Work in the Countryside. 19 December 1927 267

3 THE YEAR 1928

Opposition Appeals to Comintern. January 1928 276

Stalin on his Visit to Siberia and "Emergency Measures." 15 January-

6 February 1928 277

From the Eight-Hour to Seven-Hour Working Day. Decree. 17 January 1928 281

Artists and Proletarian Realism. Declaration of the Association of Artists

of the Revolution. February 1928 282

Litvinov on Partial Disarmament. Geneva, 23 March 1928 283

Stalin's Speech on Respite in Party Conflict, Success of "Emergency

Measures," and the Shakhty Affair. 13 April 1928 286

New Rift in Party Leadership. Secret Meeting Between Bukharin and

Kamenev. 11 July 1928 301

Stalin on the Comintern, "Emergency Measures," and the Shakhty Affair.

13 July 1928 304

Stalin on the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station. 31 August 1928 313

Comintern Manifesto on the New Program. 1 September 1928 314

Pravda Reports on the Celebration of the Centenary of Leo Tolstoy's Birth.

10 September 1928 319

Kuibyshev Calls for Rapid Industrialization and Attempts to Mollify the

Technical Intelligentsia. 19 September 1928 321

Bukharin Criticizes Current Economic Policy and Calls for Moderation.

Notes of an Economist. 30 September 1928 330

Stalin Moves Toward Rapid Industrialization, Collectivization, and Against

Right Deviation. 19 November 1928 348

Party Approves Resolution to Enlist Writers and Artists in Socialist

Construction. 28 December 1928 367

Litvinov on Soviet-Polish Relations and the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

29 December 1928 369

Documents by Main Topics 371

Glossary 376

Sources Cited 379

Acknowledgements 381

Permissions 381

Indexes

Index of Personal Names 382

Index of Subjects 385

Index of Institutions 394

Index of Geographic and Place Names 396