Academic International Press

Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual (REFFA)

(Formerly USSR Facts Figures Annual (UFFA))

REFFA/UFFA Contents Volume 1 UFFA (1977) Volume 2 UFFA (1978) Volume 3 UFFA (1979) Volume 4 UFFA (1980) Volume 5 UFFA (1981) Volume 6 UFFA (1982) Volume 7 UFFA (1983) Volume 8 UFFA (1984) Volume 9 UFFA (1985) Volume 10 UFFA (1986) Volume 11 UFFA (1987) Volume 12 UFFA (1988) Volume 13 UFFA (1989) Volume 14 UFFA (1990) Volume 15 UFFA (1991) Volume 17 UFFA (1992) Volume 18 REFFA (1993) Volume 19 REFFA (1994) Volume 20 REFFA (1995) Volume 21 REFFA (1996)   Back to Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual (REFFA). Back to Russia / Soviet Union / Eurasia. Back to AIP Home Page.

UFFA Volume 2 Contents Introduction v I SURVEY 1 II GOVERNMENT Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 8 USSR Council of Ministers 8 All-Union Ministries 9 Union Republic Ministries 9 State Committees 10 Agencies 11 Chairmen of Republic Councils of Ministers 11 Agencies of the Council of Ministers Without Ministerial Rank 11 Supreme Soviet of the USSR 12 Supreme Court of the USSR & Procuracy 12 Supreme Soviet 13 Supreme Soviets of the Union Republics 13 Armenia 13 Azerbaidzhan 14 Belorussia 14 Estonia 15 Georgia 15 Kazakhstan 16 Kirgizia 16 Latvia 17 Lithuania 17 Moldavia 18 RSFSR 18 Tadzhikistan 19 Turkmenistan 20 Ukraine 20 Uzbekistan 21 Republic Councils of Ministers 21 Union-Republic Ministries 22 Republic Ministries 26 Local Soviet (Council) Election Results, 19 June 1977 33 Mayors of Moscow and Leningrad 40 Diplomatic Ranks & Positions 41 Soviet Ambassadors 41 Soviet Embassy & Consulates in the United States 43 Diplomatic Representatives Accredited to the USSR (Moscow) 44 Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars or Ministers 46 1st Deputy Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars or Ministers 46 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 47 People's Commissars or Ministers of Foreign Affairs 47 1st Deputy Foreign Ministers 48 Chief Personnel of American Embassy and Consulate in the USSR 48 Leningrad Consulate 48 Soviet Ambassadors to Great Britain 48 British Ambassadors to Russia 49 United Kingdom Embassy Personnel, Moscow 49 Soviet Ambassadors to the United States 51 American Ambassadors to the USSR 51 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 51 CMEA Organization 51 CMEA Sessions, 1949-76 52 Permanent USSR Representative at the United Nations and Security Council 53 Contributions to the United Nations, 1974-75 53 Chairmen, Soviet State Security Forces 53 Police System of the USSR 54 Administrative-Territorial Units by Union Republics 55 The Constitution of the USSR 56 Editorial Commission for the Final Text of the USSR Constitution 80 Anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 81 Establishment of Diplomatic Relations 83 Treaties in Force Between the United States and USSR, 1 Jan 1977 91 III COMMUNIST PARTY Local Party Organs 97 Primary Party Organizations 97 Composition of Primary Party Organizations 97 Network of Primary Party Organizations 97 Party Members by Education 98 Party Members & Candidates by Class 98 Party Members Enrolled by Class, 1971-75 98 Nationality 98 Party Candidates Recruited 99 Party Representation in Soviets 99 CPSU Politburo, 1966-78 100 Departments of the Secretariat 101 Party Schools 101 Presidium 1952-66 101 Politburo, 1919-52 102 Heads of Union-Republic Central Committee Departments 102 Comintern Congresses, Plenas & Meetings 104 Cominform Meetings 105 CPSU Congresses & Conferences 105 Chairmen, First, General Secretaries of the Komsomol 106 Komsomol Youth Organizations 107 Komsomol Membership: USSR, 1918-77 107 Young Communist League (YCL) (Komsomol) Congresses 107 Komsomol 1st Secretaries, Membership, and Primary Organizations by Republics, 1 Jan 1976 108 Young Pioneer Membership, Selected Years, 1922-76 108 World Strength of Communist Parties 108 Plena of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 112 Moldavian Communist Party Candidates Recruited, 1959-74 119 Moldavian Communist Party by Age, 1959-74 119 Moldavian Communist Party by Education, 1959-74 120 Moldavian Communist Party by Class and Occupation, 1959-74 120 IV REPUBLICS OF THE USSR USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 122 Armenia 122 Azerbaidzhan 123 Belorussia 124 Estonia 124 Georgia 125 Kazakhstan 125 Kirgizia 126 Latvia 126 Lithuania 127 Moldavia 127 RSFSR, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 128 Tadzhikistan 128 Turkmenistan, Turkmenia 129 Ukraine 129 Uzbekistan 130 European USSR, Central Asia & Kazakhstan (Maps) 131-132 V DEMOGRAPHY Projected Population-USSR: 1 Jan 1977-2000 133 Projected Population by Age Groups and Sex 134 Projected Population by 5-Year Age Groups and Sex, 1975-2000-The RSFSR 136 The Ukranian SSR 137 The Belorussian SSR 138 The Moldavian SSR 139 The Kazakh SSR 140 The Baltic Region 141 The Transcaucasus Region 142 The Central Asian Region 143 Population by Republic and Economic Region, 1959, 1970 144 Territory and Population of Republics, Krais, Oblasts and National Okrugs 145 Maps Published in the USSR, 1975 151 Population, Birth and Death Rates, 1917-78 151 Ethnic Composition of Population by Republics 1959, 1970 153 Major Nationalities of the USSR on a Linguistic Basis 155 Births by Age Groups 155 Births in Urban & Rural Localities 155 Family Size, 1970 156 Children by Order of Births, 1965, 1975, 157 Births per 1,000 Women by Ages, 1965-66, 1974-75 157 Registered Marriages and Divorces 157 Nonagenarians and Centenarians, 1959, 1970 157 Mortality by Age Groups 158 Distribution of Cities by Population, 1926, 1959, 1970 158 Urban Population, Selected Years, 1917-76 158 Urban Population and its Annual Rate of Growth During Preceding Decade, 1920-2000 159 Million-City Population as a Percentage of Total Population 159 Distribution of Population & Industrial Capacity, 1970 159 Urbanization in the Ukraine, 1939, 1959, 1970 159 Cities with Over 250,000 Inhabitants, 1975 160 Urban & Rural Population by Republics, 1976 163 Soviet New Towns 164 VI ARMED FORCES Ministry of Defense 168 Personnel 171 United States and Soviet: Active Military/Paramilitary Manpower Strengths, FY 1976 171 United States and Soviet: Civilian Manpower Strengths, FY 1976 172 United States and Soviet: Ready Reserve Strengths, FY 1976 172 Ground Forces, 1970-76 173 USSR Division Strengths and Equipment 174 Ground Force Firepower, 1970-76 174 Strategic Force Comparisons, 1970-76 175 Strategic Defensive Missile Systems 175 Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles 175 Ballistic Missile Submarine Systems 176 SLBM's 176 Warheads 177 Strategic Nuclear Bombers 177 ICBM Programs 178 US and Soviet SLBM Developments 179 Soviet Missiles 180 Strategic Missiles 180 Surface-to-Surface 180 Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles 181 Cruise or Winged Missiles 181 Tactical Missiles 182 Anti-Tank 182 Short-Range 183 Medium-Range 183 Anti-Ballistic 183 Surface-to-Air 183 Air-to-Surface 185 Air-to-Air 185 Tactical Air-Force Comparisons, 1970-76 186 Military Airlift, 1970-76 186 Ship Characteristics 187 Patrol Craft Characteristics-Soviet Union 188 Naval Obsolescence 188 Out-of-Area Ship Days, 1965-75 189 Naval Deployments to the Caribbean, 1969-76 189 Air Deployments to Cuba, 1970-76 189 Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) Structure 190 Military Districts & Command Centers 190 Central European Forces, 1976 191 Deployment of Forces in East Germany 191 Headquarters 191 Military Expenditures: USSR 192 Military Expenditures: Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) 192 Military Expenditures: NATO 193 Arms Transfers: USSR 193 Arms Transfers: Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) 193 Arms Transfers: NATO 194 US Secretary of Defense Annual Estimates of Strategic Nuclear Weapons, FY 1973-77 194 US Defense Budget, FY 1978-82 195 Nuclear Capability Comparisons 196 Comparison of Alternative Indices of Capability (After a Counter Force Exchange) 196 Balance of Deployed Forces (Static or Pre-Attack Levels) 197 Capabilities after Soviet Union First Strike 198 Soviet Population Fatalities (Surviving US Strategic Forces) 199 Peak Overpressure and Nuclear Warhead Size Against Submarines 201 Area and Range of Nuclear Blast Damage 201 Hard Target Kill Capability 202 Effect of Industrial Hardening on Warhead Requirements 202 Impact of Tankers on Soviet Barrier Distance Against US Cruise Missiles 202 Military and Civilian Aircraft Characteristics 203 Comparison of US and USSR Tanks, Bombers, and Interceptors 206 Armored Vehicles 207 Artillery 207 Weapons for Ground Forces: USSR, US, PRC 208 USSR/US Average Annual Weapons Production Rates, 1972-76 208 Military Personnel from Less Developed Countries (LDC) Trained in Communist Nations and the USSR, 1955-76 208 Soviet Military Aid to LDCs, Extensions & Drawings 209 Soviet and East European Military Technicians in LDCs, 1976 209 Export of Major Weapons to eveloping Regions by Major Suppliers, 1971-75 210 Communist and Komsomol Among Army and Navy Officers 211 Party Members and Primary Party Organizations in the Red Army, 1918-41 211 Military Ranks 212 USSR and United States Research and Development 213 VII THE ECONOMY State Budget, 1975-78 215 State Budget by Union Republics, 1977-78 215 USSR & US: Average Annual & Absolute Growth Rates, 1951-75 216 USSR in World & European Production, 1913, 1975 217 Summary of 1977-78 Plans 218 Summary of 10th Five-Year Plan 219 Index of the 10th Five-Year Plan, 1976-80 219 Summary of 10th Five-Year Plan, 1976-80 220 Index of 10th Five-Year Plan by Republics 220 Siberian Centers (Map) 221 1978 Plan in Physical Terms 222 1977 Plan Fulfillment by Republics 223 1977 Plan Fulfillment by Ministries & Departments 224 Policy-Conditioned Forecasts of Soviet Growth 224 Percentage Increase in Productivity Needed to Maintain GNP Growth at 5 Percent 225 Annual Average Rate of Growth of GNP, Inputs, and Productivity, 1951-80 225 Average Annual Percentage Increase of Industrial Production, Employment, and Output per Worker, 1961-76 225 Economic Regions 226 Capital Investments by Union Republic, 1975 229 Industrial Production in Physical Terms, 1975-77 229 Industrial Production in Physical Terms by Quarters, 1977 231 Industrial Capacities Put in Operation, 1976-77 233 Production of Equipment for Various Industries 234 Light Industrial Production 235 Production of Cast Iron, Steel, Rolled Ferrous Metals and Steel Pipes 236 Production of Motor Vehicles 236 Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1969-74 237 Passenger Car Production by Model (1975) and Price (1972) 237 Owners of Passenger Cars 237 Mineral Reserves in Communist Nations & the US 237 Estimated Petroleum Reserves 238 USSR Energy Needs 238 Distribution of Iron-Ore Output, 1970, 1975-76, 1980 239 Distribution of Pig Iron Production, 1970, 1975-77, 1980 239 Coal Production, 1970-1975-76, 1980 239 Production of Primary Tin, 1965, 1970-75 240 USSR/US Imports of Strategic Material 241 Mined Tin Production by Regions, Principal Mines and Concentrating Plants 241 Mine and Concentrating Plants 242 Uranium Oxide Resources 243 Heating Values of Energy Resources 243 Production of Mineral Commodities, 1976 243 Gold Production and Reserves, 1965-76 245 Diamond Production 245 Principal Basins and Deposits of Fossil Fuels, Metals, and Nonmetals, USSR (Map) 246-247 Fuel and Power Resources of Regions 248 Differences in Fuel, Electric Power and Water Resources by Region 248 Fuel Production by Republic, 1975 249 Primary Energy Production, 1976 249 Production of Electrical Energy, 1970, 1975, 1980 250 Capacities of Electrical Power Stations, 1975, 1980 250 Distribution of Power Production, 1970, 1975-76, 1980 250 Fuel Peat Production, 1913-75 251 Countries with Nuclear Reactors and Capacity, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980 252 USSR Installed Nuclear Reactor Capacity 253 Siberian Power Grid, 1 Jan 1976 253 Research, Experimental and Power Reactors, 1975, 1980 254 Crude Oil Production 254 Production of Crude Oil by Regions 255 Oil Consumption 256 Natural Gas Production 256 Regional Production of Natural Gas, 1976 256 Natural Gas Consumption 256 Selected Data on Oil Drilling 256 Gas, Pipelines, Distribution 257 Additions to Oil Producing Capacity 257 Soviet Coal and Hydrocarbon Resources (Map) 258 Chemical Output, 1960-74 259 Index of CMEA Industrial Production, 1976 259 Index of CMEA Retail Trade Turnover, 1976 259 Index of CMEA Capital Investment, 1976 260 Index of CMEA National Income, 1976 260 Index of CMEA Labor Productivity, 1976 260 Index of CMEA Foreign Trade, 1976 260 Foreign Currency Exchange Rates 261 Denominations of Soviet Money 261 Profits in the National Economy 262 Bank Credits to the National Economy and Population, Loans at Year End 263 Short-Term Credits to the National Economy by Type, Loans at Year End 264 Expansion of the Soviet "Second" (Illegal-Extralegal or Private) Economy 265 Deposits in Savings Banks and Gosbank 265 Automated Management Systems Put in Operation, 1966-76 266 Comparison of Computer Base to GNP and Population, 1974 266 Production of RIAD (RYAD) Computer Models 266 Retail Turnover of State and Cooperative Trade, 1976 267 Inventions & Rationalizations in the National Economy 267 East European Debt to the West 268 Sources of Hard Currency, 1977-78 268 Hard Currency Balance of Payments, 1974-76 268 Estimated Drawings and Scheduled Repayments on Medium and Long-Term Credits 269 Year-End Net Debt Ratio to Hard Currency Exports 269 Hydraulic Cement Output, Selected Years, 1913-75 270 Production of Cement by Grade, 1975 271 Average Price Changes 271 VIII AGRICULTURE 1977 Agricultural Summary 272 Grain Production, 1962-76 273 Total Supply and Estimated Utilization of Grain, Jul-Jun 1964-77 274 Wheat Production and Consumption, 1974-75 275 Feed Use of Major Feed Grains and Wheat as a Percentage of World Production, 1960-61/1976-77 275 Grains: Area, Yield & Production, 1971-77 275 Sown Area by Republics 276 Sown Area by Republics, 1975 278 Wheat and Wheat Flour 279 Grains 279 Comparative Total Grain Yields 279 Comparative Rice Areas & Yields 279 Production of Sunflower Seed and Soybeans, 1970-76 280 Government Procurements of Grain, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1965-75 281 Government Procurements of Nongrain Crops, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970-76, 1980 282 Government Purchases of Vegetables, 1965-74 282 Livestock, 1 Jan 1977-78 282 Livestock, 1950-77 283 Livestock by Republics, 1 Jan 1976 283 Production of Principal Livestock Products, 1950-76 284 Livestock Production by Republics 285 State Purchases from Collective Farms: Dairy, Fowl & Cattle, 1976-77 286 Private Agricultural Production 287 Tractor Production by Major Types, 1950, 1955, 1960-75 288 Tractor Parks and Agricultural Machinery 288 Refined Sugar Production from Domestic Beets and Imported Raw Cane, Monthly and Cumulative, 1974-75/1976-77 289 Fertilizer Production and Consumption, 1973-76 290 Deliveries of Mineral Fertilizers to Agriculture, 1965-76 290 Efforts to Improve Cropland, 1975-80 291 Irrigation & Drainage, 1 Nov 1975 & 10th Five-Year Plan 291 Total Irrigated & Drained Areas, 1940-80 291 Timber Cut 291 Timber Products, 1975 292 Sovkhoz and Kolkhoz Development, 1950-76 292 Indices of Kolkhoz & Sovkhoz Development 293 Average Sovkhoz and Kolkhoz, 1975-76 293 Capital and Power Per Worker on Labor Productivity of Collective and State Farms, 1974 294 Conversion Table for Major Crops 295 Soviet Exports of Wheat, FY 1951-76 295 Soviet Exports of Feed Grains, FY 1951-76 295 United States Exports of Grains to the USSR, 1971-77 296 Commodity Credit Corporation Extensions to the USSR, 1972-74 296 Fisheries Catch, 1913-74 296 Catch by Fishing Areas, 1965, 1970-74 297 Percentage of Total Catch 297 Capital Investment in Fishing Industry, 1929-75 297 Fish Catch by Species, 1975 298 Fish Products, 1975 300 IX FOREIGN TRADE & AID Foreign Trade, 1913-77 301 Ministry of Foreign Trade 301 Foreign Trade Associations (V/O) and Offices (V/K) 303 Soviet Trade Representatives, United States 307 Amtorg Trading Corporation 308 Foreign Trade, 1970-75 310 Foreign Trade by Country Category, 1946-75 310 Foreign Trade by Countries, 1975 311 Soviet Trade with Selected Countries, 1958-777 313 Dollar Value of US Commodity License Applications Processed, Licenses Issued, and Actual Exports to the USSR, East Europe, and People's Republic of China 314 Soviet Foreign Trade with the US, 1970-75 315 Soviet Crude Oil Imports, 1970-75 316 Prices of Soviet Oil and Products, 1970-75 317 Soviet Economic Assistance to Cuba 318 Cuban Foreign Trade Adjusted to Exclude Soviet Price Subsidies 319 Soviet Subsidies of Cuban Sugar, 1960-75 320 Soviet Economic Credits, Grants & Technicians to Less Developed Countries (LDCs), 1954-76 321 Soviet Economic Aid to LDCs, Extensions & Drawings 322 Unidentified Soviet Foreign Trade 322 Number of Projects Built or Under Construction in Developing Countries with Soviet Assistance, 1 Jan 1976 328 Geographical Distribution of Soviet Industrial Projects in Asia and Africa, 1 Jan 1976 328 Compensation Agreements Under Negotiation 329 USSR: Known Plant and Equipment Orders from the West by Selected Countries 329 Selected Soviet Joint Stock Companies in Non-Communist Countries 330 United States Companies with Science and Technology Agreements with the Soviet State Committee for Science and Technology, 1972-76 331 US Commercial Office Seminar-Exhibits in Moscow, 1978 331 United States-USSR Maritime Agreement: Grain Cargoes, 1Jul 1972-31 Dec 1975 332 Dollar-Ruble Equivalents, 1961-77 332 X HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE Expenditures for Social-Cultural Measures in the State Budget, 1940-74 333 Personal Disposable Income 334 Personal Money Income 334 Annual Percentage Increase in Real Income, 1958-77 335 Household Stocks of Consumer Durables, 1975 335 Growth in Per Capita Consumption 335 USSR & US: Economic Indicators & Living Standards, 1975 336 Number of Students by Instruction 337 General Education Day Schools 337 Population with Higher & Secondary Education, 1976 338 Curriculum for Complete Secondary Schools 338 Enrollment in Higher & Specialized Secondary Schools 339 Doctor and Candidate of Science Degrees Awarded in 1976 339 Higher and Secondary Specialized Institutions of the Ministry of Education RSFSR, 1976 339 Kindergartens and Nurseries 339 Students in Higher & Secondary Specialized Education by Specialties 340 Engineers Graduated in the USSR & United States 340 Graduation of Specialists in Chemistry from Higher Educational Institutions, 1950, 1958-75 340 Number of Graduates to the Economy, 1941-75, 1975 341 Dwellings Completed by Year and per 1000 Inhabitants, 1965-76 341 Annual Housing Shortfall, 1965-76 342 Average Useful Space of New Housing, 1965-76 342 Stock of Housing and Average Space Per Capita, Selected Years, 1913-75 343 Urban Housing per Capita by Republic Capitals, 1975 343 Pensioners by Republic and Category, 1 Jan 1976 344 Pensioners, Selected Years, 1941-76 344 Expenditures from State Social Insurance Budget, Selected Years, 1950-75 345 Diet 345 Sugar Production, Consumption and Trade, 1960-75 346 Per Capita Consumption of Centrifugal Sugar, 1960-75 346 USSR Sugar Trade, 1975 346 Physicians by Union Republics, 1975 347 Physicians by Speciality 347 Hospitals by Republic 347 Middle Level Medical Personnel, 1960, 1970, 1975 348 Illness by Infectious Diseases (in thousands) 348 Illness by Infectious Diseases (per 100,000) 349 Physicians & Hospital Beds, 1975, 1977 349 Average Life Expectancy in Russia and the US 349 Abortions, Jan 1958-Jan 1959 350 Reasons for Abortions Given to Survey of 26,000 Women in the RSFSR, 1958-59 350 XI COMMUNICATIONS Newspapers, Radios, Televisions, Cinemas, 1975-76 351 Mail Traffic, Telegrams, Telephones in Use 351 Telegrams 351 Telephones in Use 351 Periodicals 352 Newspapers 357 Newspapers by the Republics 358 Publishers 374 Press Bureaux (Moscow) 375 Radio and Television 376 Television Stations, 1940, 1950, 1960-76 376 Radio and Television Receiving Network, 1928, 1940, 1950, 1955-75 376 Radio and Television Sets per 1,000 Persons, 1928, 1940, 1950, 1960-75 377 Radio Moscow, North American Service 378 Moscow Radio, Pacific Coast Service 378 Soviet Radio International Frequencies, Autumn and Winter, 1977-78 379 Books and Brochures Published, 1913-76 380 Books & Brochures in Languages of the USSR & Abroad, 1975 381 Languages of the USSR 381 Translations from Languages of the USSR 384 Translations from Foreign Languages 384 Books and Brochures Published by Themes, 1975 385 Publication of Foreign Belles-Lettres, 1975, 1918-75 386 Publication of Antireligious Books, 1935, 1945, 1950, 1956-73 387 Publication of Antireligious Articles in Central Press, 1965-76 387 Dissertations on Scientific Atheism, 1964-70 387 Film Production, 1940, 1950, 1960-75, 1976 388 Major Soviet Films, 1918-75 388 Major Film Studios 415 XII TRANSPORTATION Freight Traffic, Selected Years, 1913-77 (ton-kilometers) 417 Freight Traffic, Selected Years, 1913-75 (billion short ton-miles) 418 Transport of Foreign Trade Cargoes, 1975 419 Railroads 419 Inventory of Railroad Cars, Civilian Aircraft and Trucks 420 Railroads, Selected Years, 1925-75 421 Freight Train Performance, Selected Years, 1925-75 422 Railroad Passenger Traffic, Selected Years, 1925-75 423 Railroad Freight Traffic, Five-Year Intervals, 1930-75 424 USSR Ministry of the Maritime Fleet Organization 425 Merchant Vessels Planned for Delivery, 1976-80 425 Merchant Fleet, 1970-76 426 Ocean Steam & Motor Ships of 1000 Gross Tons and Over 426 Ports 427 Soviet Civil Air Activities in the Third World 430 Aeroflot Airliners 430 Specifications of New Soviet Aircraft 431 Traffic Control in Moscow, 1977 432 Metro Transit, 1975 432 Notable Stations of the Moscow Metro 433 XIII INSTITUTIONS Academy of Sciences 434 Academy Members and Corresponding (Non-Voting) Members 435 Academy Sections 450 Presidents of the Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1917-76 451 The Academy of Sciences of the USSR 452 Academies of Science, 1 Jan 1976 453 Membership of the Znanie Society, 1947-76 455 Znanie Society Board 455 Religion 455 Estimated Church Membership, 1964 459 Churches and Synagogues in the USSR 459 Military Academies 460 State Universities 462 Museums, 1975 463 Mass Libraries, 1975-77 464 Circles of Amateur Performers of the Ministry of Culture, 1975 464 XIV LABOR Annual Average Employment in the National Economy of the USSR: 1950 to 1975 465 Annual Average Employment in the State Sector in the USSR, by Branch of the Economy: 1950 to 1975 467 Annual Average Workers and Employees in the Economy 468 Working Age Population, 1955-90 469 Employment by Branches of the Economy, ILO Estimates 469 Average Monthly Wages of Workers and Employees 469 Average Wages and Supplemental Benefits, 1975 470 Average Monthly Wages by Industries 470 Trade Union Chairmen, Membership, and Primary Organizations by Republics, 1 Jan 1976 471 Unions and Chairmen 471 Plenum All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, 25 Mar 1977 472 Trade Union Congresses 472 Percentage of Women in the Economy by Branches 473 Part-Time Work among Women 473 Labor Turnover by Industries, 1960, 1970 474 Labor Turnover, Borisov, Belorussia, 1974 474 Reasons for Leaving Employment 474 Education of Job Changers 475 Interval Between Jobs 475 XIV SPECIAL TOPICS 1977 in Review 476 Natural Features 495 Geographical Records in the USSR 496 River Flow and Drainage 497 Proposals to Divert Northern and Siberian Rivers to Kazakhstan and Central Asia 497 Passes 498 Active Volcanoes 498 Average Rainfall (mm) and Temperatures (C), Representative Cities 500 Dates of Snow Cover, Representative Cities 502 World's Highest 502 Largest Dams 502 Major Dams 503 World's Greatest Man-Made Lakes 504 World's Largest Hydroelectric Generating Plants 504 Potential Tidal Power Projects 505 Tidal Ranges 505 Time Zones 505 US Postal Rates to the USSR 506 Soviet Postal, Telephone and Cablegram Rates to United States 507 Comparative Clothing Sizes 507 Distance Between Cities 508 Soviet Partisan Activity During WW II 509 Soviet Losses During World War II 510 Russian-Born Population in United States, 1850-1970 510 Native American Population of Russian or Mixed Parentage, 1900-70 510 State Prizes, 1977 511 M. V. Lomonosov Gold Medal, 1976 514 Karl Marx Gold Medal, 1977 514 Lenin Prize "for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples," 1975-76 514 Prizes of the Union of Journalists, 1976 514 Russian Rulers, 1462-Nov 1917 515 Tourism, 1975 516 Travelers by Republic, 1975 516 IASP Translation Journals 517 Central Intelligence Agency Reference Aids on the USSR 517 Subjects of the Literaturnoe Nasledstvo (Literary Heritage) Series 518 Moscow Militia, 1977 520 Metropolitan Museum of Art Exhibits 520 Soviet Exhibits in the United States, June 1961-Feb 1977 521 US Exhibits in the USSR, 1959-77 523 Reference Aids on Soviet Philosophy 524 US Announced Recordings of Seismic Signals from Presumed Soviet Underground Nuclear Detonations, 1974-77 525 Satellite Launches, 1977 526 Soviet Missile Test Centers 529 Space Launch Vehicles 530 Satellites 531 Jewish Emigration from the USSR, 1972-76 531 Emigration of Ethnic Germans from the USSR, 1972-76 532 Soviet Emigrants to the US, 1972-76 532 Divided Family Cases Pending Between the United States and USSR 532 Soviet Exit Visas for Private Visits to Relatives in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany, 1975-76 532 Binational Marriage Cases Pending Between the United States and USSR, 1 May 1977 532 Soviet Aliens in US, 1977 532 Soviet Wines 533 Soviet Vodkas 538 Abbreviations and Soviet Organizations 538 Transliteration Systems 547 Weights & Measures 548 Old Russian Weights & Measures 548 Total & Per Capita Consumption of Absolute Alcohol, 1972 548 Obituaries, 1977 548 Sports Titles & Ranks 552 Sports Facilities, 1975 553 Moscow Summer Games of the XXII Olympiad 553 Spartakiads of the Peoples of the USSR 554 Official World Records: USSR 554 Key Works on Russia and the Soviet Union 555   Go to Academic International Press Home Page.

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